Question

14．All of us exist in‘bodies'of different shapes，heights，colors and physical abilities．The main reasons for the differences are genetic，and the fact that people's bodies change as they age．However，a huge range of research indicates that there are social factors too．
Poorer people are more likely to eat‘unhealthy'foods，to smoke cigarettes and to be employed in physically difficult work or the opposite：boring，inactive employment．Moreover，their housing conditions and neighbourhoods tend to be worse．All of these factors impact upon the condition of a person's health：the physical shapes of bodies are strongly influenced by social factors．
These social factors are also closely linked to emotional wellbeing．People with low or no incomes are more likely to have mental health problems．It is not clear，however，whether poverty causes mental illness，or whether it is the other way around．For example，certain people with mental health issues may be at risk of becoming homeless，just as a person who is homeless may have an increased risk of illnesses such as depression．
There are other types of social factors too．Bodies are young or old，short or tall，big or small，weak or strong．Whether these judgments matter and whether they are positive or negative depends on the cultural and historical context．In fact，the culture of different societies promote very different valuations of body shapes．What is considered as attractive or ugly，normal or abnormal varies enormously．Currently，for example，in rich societies the idea of slimness is highly valued，but historically this was different．In most societies the ideal body shape for a woman was a‘full figure'，while in middle-aged man，a large stomach indicated that they were financially successful in life．
Sociologists are suggesting that we should not just view bodies and minds in biological terms，but also in social terms．The physical body and what we seek to do with it change over time and society．This has important implications for medicine and ideas of health．Thus，the idea of people being‘overweight'is physically related to large amounts of processed food，together with lack of exercise，and is therefore a medical issue．However，it has also become a mental health issue and social problem as a result of people coming to define this particular body shape as‘wrong'and unhealthy．
（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS．）
78．Besides social factors，what are the other two reasons for differences in bodies？Genes and aging．
79．The social factors are likely to have a great effect on people'sphysical healthandmental health．
80．Valuations of body shapes change withculture and history．
81．The"This"in the last paragraph refers toviewing bodies and minds in social terms．

Answer 1

分析 本文為說(shuō)明文．介紹基因使我們每個(gè)人在外表，年齡等各方面表現(xiàn)出不同．但最新的研究表明社會(huì)因素也會(huì)帶來(lái)變化．

解答 78．Genes and aging．第一段提到了"genetic"，"age"，"a huge range of research indicates that there are social factors too"三個(gè)原因．
79．physical health and mental health  第二段最后提到社會(huì)因素的第一個(gè)影響即"the physical shapes of bodies are strongly influenced by social factors．"，在第三段提到了"emotional wellbeing"，總結(jié)為兩個(gè)方面，身體上的和心理上的．
80．culture and history 根據(jù)第四段"Whether these judgments matter and whether they are positive or negative depends on the cultural and historical context．"這句話可以概括出，身體的變化由于文化和歷史的原因．
81．viewing bodies and minds in social terms 最后一段"Sociologists are suggesting that we should not just view bodies and minds in biological terms，but also in social terms．"建議我們看待身體和心理不僅要從生物角度而且還要從社會(huì)角度來(lái)看．

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