Question

Getting kids to share their toys is a never-ending battle, and forcing them to do so never seems to help. New research suggests that allowing children to make a choice to sacrifice their own toys in order to share with someone else makes them share more in the future. The new findings are published in Psychological Science.
These experiments were conducted by psychological scientists, Nadia Chernyak and Tamar Kushnir of Cornell University. They found that sharing things with others when they are given a difficult choice leads children to think of themselves as people who like to share. It also makes them more likely to act in a pro-social （親社會(huì)的）manner in the future.
Previous research has explained why rewarding children for sharing can backfire. Children come to think of themselves as people who don't like to share since they had to be rewarded for doing so. Because they don't view themselves as "sharers", they are less likely to share in the future.
Chernyak and Kushnir were interested in finding out whether freely chosen sacrifice might have the opposite effect on kids' willingness to share. To test this, the researchers introduced five-year-old children to Doggie, a sad puppet. Some of the children were given a difficult choice: Share a precious sticker（貼紙） with Doggie, or keep it for themselves. Other children were given an easy choice between sharing and putting the sticker away, while children in a third group were required by the researcher to share.
Later on, all the children were introduced to Ellie, another sad puppet. They were given the option of how many stickers to share (up to three). The kids who earlier made the difficult choice to help Doggie shared more stickers with Ellie. The children who were initially faced with an easy choice or who were required to give their sticker to Doggie, on the other hand, shared fewer stickers with Ellie. Therefore, children did not benefit from simply giving something up, but rather from willingly choosing to give something up of value.
“You might imagine that making difficult, costly choices is demanding for young children or even that once children share, they don’t feel the need to do so again,” Chernyak says. “But this wasn't the case: once children made a difficult decision to give up something for someone else, they were more generous, not less, later on.” Chernyak concludes.
小題1:_______ helps children to share more in the future.

A．Rewarding children for sharing

B．Forcing children to share

C．Allowing children to share precious things willingly

D．Allowing children to share what they don’t need

小題2:The underlined word “backfire” means _______.

A．have an opposite effect	B．serve as a push
C．cause anger	D．a(chǎn)void taking things back

小題3:Those who were required to share give fewer stickers to Ellie because _______.

A．they regret what they did	B．it’s not their own choice
C．Ellie is not as sad as Doggie	D．they like to share with a real person

小題4:We can conclude from the passage that _______.

A．parents will never find a way to get children to share toys

B．a(chǎn) gift should be given to make up for children’s sacrifice

C．children pretend to be generous when they are being observed

D．making difficult choices may influence sharing behavior

Answer 1

小題1:C
小題2:A
小題3:B
小題4:D

試題分析：文章介紹了兒童分享事物的心理科學(xué)。有研究表明孩子做出艱難選擇會(huì)對(duì)他們的分享行為有影響，他們可能會(huì)變的慷概。
小題1:推理題：根據(jù)文章第一段中“New research suggests that allowing children to make a choice to sacrifice their own toys in order to share with someone else makes them share more in the future. ”新研究表明,讓孩子選擇犧牲自己的玩具與別人分享可讓他們?cè)谖磥?lái)分享更多東西。由此可知培養(yǎng)孩子分享意愿對(duì)孩子將來(lái)分享更多東西是有幫助的。故選C。
小題2:推理題：backfire是“產(chǎn)生出乎意料及事與愿違的結(jié)果”的意思。A.have an opposite effect有反作用；B.serve as a push作為一種推動(dòng)；C.cause anger導(dǎo)致某人輕微憤怒；D.   Avoid taking things back避免拿回東西。只有A想符合劃線詞義。故選A。
小題3:細(xì)節(jié)題：根據(jù)第五段中“The children who were initially faced with an easy choice or who were required to give their sticker to Doggie, on the other hand, shared fewer stickers with Ellie ”最初孩子們面臨著一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的選擇或著被要求把他們的貼紙給小狗,要么與艾莉分享更少的貼紙。由此可知這是被要求的。故選B。
小題4:主旨題：根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知文章表明孩子做出艱難選擇會(huì)對(duì)他們的分享行為有影響，他們可能會(huì)變的慷概。故選D。