Urbanization
Until relatively recently, the vast majority of human beings lived and died without ever seeing a city. The first city was probably founded no more than 5,500 years ago. 1._ . In fact, nearly everyone lived on farms or in tiny rural (鄉(xiāng)村的) villages. It was not until the 20th century that Great Britain became the first urban society in history--- a society in which the majority of people live in cities and do not farm for a living.
Britain was only the beginning. 2._ .The process of urbanization--- the migration (遷移) of people from the countryside to the city--- was the result of modernization, which has rapidly transformed how people live and where they live.
In 1990, fewer than 40% of Americans lived in urban areas. Today, over 82% of Americans live in cities. Only about 2% live on farms. 3. .
Large cities were impossible until agriculture became industrialized. Even in advanced agricultural societies. It took about ninety-five people on farms to feed five people in cities. 4. . Until modern times, those living in cities were mainly the ruling elite(精英) and the servants, laborers and professionals who served them. Cities survived by taxing farmers and were limited in size by the amount of surplus food that the rural population produced and by the ability to move this surplus from farm to city.
Over the past two centuries, the Industrial Revolution has broken this balance between the city and the country. 5. . Today, instead of needing ninety-five farmers to feed five city people, one American farmer is able to feed more than a hundred non-farmers.
A．That kept cities very small.
B．The rest live in small towns.
C．The effects of urban living on people should be considered.
D．Soon many other industrial nations become urban societies.
E. But even 200 years ago, only a few people could live in cities.
F. Modernization drew people to the cities and made farmers more productive.
G. Modern cities have destroyed social relations and the health of human beings.
1.E
2.D
3.B
4.A
5.F
【解析】
文章大意：文章的主題是城市化，講述了城市化由過去城市規(guī)模小，農(nóng)民人口多，到后來現(xiàn)代化之后，城市規(guī)模大，農(nóng)民人口少的現(xiàn)象，體現(xiàn)了產(chǎn)量的增加，社會(huì)的變遷。
1.根據(jù)前一句“The first city was probably founded no more than 5,500 years ago”可知，此處講的是以前城市的情況，即第一座城市僅僅是5500年才出現(xiàn)的，甚至200年前，也只有很少一部分人生活在城市中。其他幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)沒有關(guān)于以前城市的描述。故選擇E
2.根據(jù)前一句的“ Britain was only the beginning”可知，英國只是個(gè)開始，關(guān)鍵詞beginning, 因此后面出現(xiàn)的是soon, 句意為，英國只是個(gè)開始，很快，其他工業(yè)國家也變成了城市化社會(huì)。
3.根據(jù)前一句的“Today, over 82% of Americans live in cities. Only about 2% live on farms”目前，超過82%的美國人住在城市，只有2%的人住在農(nóng)場，在講完了82%和2%之后，還有剩下的人呢，住在哪里呢？因此可以推斷出，下一句講述的是the rest即，其余的人住在什么地方。因此，選擇B，意為，其余的人住在城鎮(zhèn)里。
4.推理判斷，根據(jù)前一句的”It took about ninety-five people on farms to feed five people in cities”可知，要有95個(gè)人在農(nóng)場里工作，才能養(yǎng)活5個(gè)城市里的人，因此城市里居住的人肯定要少，規(guī)�？隙ê苄。虼诉x擇A項(xiàng)，意為這種原因?qū)е铝顺鞘幸?guī)模很小。
5.根據(jù)后面的“ Today, instead of needing ninety-five farmers to feed five city people, one American farmer is able to feed more than a hundred non-farmers”可知，現(xiàn)在一個(gè)美國人在農(nóng)場里工作，可以養(yǎng)活100多個(gè)非農(nóng)美國人，因此現(xiàn)代化讓農(nóng)民更加多產(chǎn)，讓更多的人可以居住在城市里。
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The rapid growth of cities worldwide over the next two decades will cause significant risks to people and the global environment, according to analysis.
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【小題1】According to the passage, the most dangerous place for city expansion is the _____.
| A．forest | B．desert | C．savannas | D．coastline |
| A．diverse in plants | B．beautiful in scenery |
| C．easily damaged | D．very productive |
| A．urbanization is a good way to improve people’s standards of living |
| B．cities develop very fast and more and more people come to live in cities |
| C．more and more agricultural farmlands are used to make room for local animals |
| D．in the past, researchers focused their attention on the expanding urban areas |
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【小題1】Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?
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| B．The net income of rural residents in different regions is the same. |
| C．The government has taken measures to develop the economy in the rural areas. |
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| A．431.8 billion yuan | B．511.9 billion yuan | C．351.7 billion yuan | D．80.1 billion yuan |
| A．The income gap | B．The inadequate application of science and technology |
| C．The supply of major agricultural products | D．China's urbanization |
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| A．$ 100 billion will be spent on infrastructure a year |
| B．creating a coastal urban corridor from Hangzhou to Qingdao |
| C．it will become the fastest developing country in the next decade |
| D．it will make up 55% of the increase in urban expansion in Asia |
| A．construction of roads | B．sanitation facilities |
| C．energy systems | D．land cover transformation |
| A．the development of cities | B．urbanization-related policies |
| C．infrastructure in vestments | D．China’s expansion of urban area |
| A．The limitation of urban expansion |
| B．More investment on infrastructure |
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| D．The future urban expansion of the world |
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China’s mega-cities are bursting at the borders and the country is now undergoing the quickest and biggest urbanization in the history of mankind. It is estimated that by 2025, China will have 400 million more people living in its cities, raising its urban population to 900 million. Besides, new satellite towns are mushrooming on the urban fringes while city ring roads are rippling outwards into the countryside at amazing speed. Satellite maps collected by Professor Joshua Bolchover at the University of Hong Kong bring the problem sharply into focus. They track the changing rural-urban framework in the past 30 years, and suggest that cities are cruelly destroying surrounding rural land and rapidly reducing the amount of arable (可耕種的) land, which gives way to new residential blocks, new industrial zones, new financial centers and the other inevitable signs and signatures of economic growth.
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Although people like Zhang are still rare and the greening of roof space with vegetables and fruit takes skill and energy, with more positive media exposure and advanced technology there is the prospect that garden city will become common practice in the near future. By then, cities will no longer look so gray when seen from the satellites.
【小題1】Some experts suggest re-inventing a “garden city” because ______.
| A．it is the only model way to save the cities |
| B．it helps stop destroying the rural areas |
| C．increasing urbanization takes place in China |
| D．China has the largest population to feed |
| A．To show the experts’ concern about the increase of population. |
| B．To persuade people into supporting economic growth in cities. |
| C．To explain the reasons for the change of rural-urban framework. |
| D．To inform the readers of the consequences of quick urbanization. |
| A．benefit the environment and lower living costs |
| B．become a project that needs a long-term study |
| C．lead to more rural communities being replaced |
| D．a(chǎn)ttract more farmers to take tours in cities |
| A．he achieves his dream to own a hanging garden |
| B．hanging gardens are becoming more popular |
| C．the garden contributes to a better neighborhood |
| D．he is a pioneer to practise the gardening concept |
| A．desperate | B．hopeful | C．disappointed | D．concerned |
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As China becomes increasingly urbanized (城市化), it has to find space for its urban and
rural citizens as both groups become increasingly integrated. Experts suggest a possible model
way may be “re-inventing” a “garden city”.
China’s mega-cities are bursting at the borders and the country is now undergoing the quickest and biggest urbanization in the history of mankind. It is estimated that by 2025, China will have 400 million more people living in its cities, raising its urban population to 900 million. Besides, new satellite towns are mushrooming on the urban fringes while city ring roads are rippling outwards into the countryside at amazing speed. Satellite maps collected by Professor Joshua Bolchover at the University of Hong Kong bring the problem sharply into focus. They track the changing rural-urban framework in the past 30 years, and suggest that cities are cruelly destroying surrounding rural land and rapidly reducing the amount of arable（可耕種的）land, which gives way to new residential blocks, new industrial zones, new financial centers and the other inevitable signs and signatures of economic growth.
This, however, is not sustainable growth pattern, especially when China has the world’s largest population to feed. So concerned urban planners are starting to note the social and physical effects of diaspora（大移居）when replaced rural communities are forced into the cities.
On the other hand, a trend of thought is gradually taking shape and this is the concept of the “garden city”, a combination of country and city that is being proposed by architects and city planners. Hua Li, from Tao Architects, is among the many professionals with such a voice. His argument is supported by a long-term study on this subject. As Hua says, the answer is to preserve patches of productive farmland within urban boundaries. Less transportation means we have fresh agricultural products at lower costs and less carbon emission in the city. And urban farmland can also be showcased for agricultural tourism and education.
The concept is already practiced at the grassroot level. Agriculture has gone into the air, up to roof and balcony in some communities in the cities. It’s common to see organic “hanging garden” on the roof of some traditional courtyard home. According to some people, the rooftop project translate to tangible (= practical) benefits, such as safe, nutritious vegetables, a cooler home in summer. Some say thanks to the tomatoes they plant that are natural insect killers, there’re fewer mosquitoes. Apart from these, it also contributes to better bonding with neighbors. Zhang, a doctor in Beijing, began creating his hanging garden five years ago. Since his garden became home to 30 kinds of vegetables and fruit --- all enough to feed his family, neighbors have enjoyed dropping by for a relaxing chat or just to see how well the lovely vegetables and fruit are doing.
Although people like Zhang are still rare and the greening of roof space with vegetables and fruit takes skill and energy, with more positive media exposure and advanced technology there is the prospect that garden city will become common practice in the near future. By then, cities will no longer look so gray when seen from the satellites.
1.What is the purpose of paragraph 2?
A. To show the experts’ concern about the increase of population.
B. To persuade people into supporting economic growth in cities.
C. To explain the reasons for the change of rural-urban framework.
D. To inform the readers of the consequences of quick urbanization.
2.In Hua Li’s opinion, a combination of country and city will __________.
A. benefit the environment and lower living costs
B. become a project that needs a long-term study
C. lead to more rural communities being replaced
D. attract more farmers to take tours in cities
3. Zhang is mentioned (Paragraph 5) to show that __________.
A. he achieves his dream to own a hanging garden
B. hanging gardens are becoming more popular
C. the garden contributes to a better neighborhood
D. he is a pioneer to practise the gardening concept
4.As for the concept of the “garden city”, the writer feels_________.
A. desperate B. hopeful C. disappointed D. concerned
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