Question

12．Whether it is"women and children first"or"every man for himself"in a shipwreck may depend on how long it takes the ship to sink，researchers said recently．
When the Lusitania was torpedoed （用魚(yú)雷襲擊） by a German ship in 1915，it sank in 18 minutes and the majority of the survivors were young men and women who responded immediately to their powerful survival instincts．
But when the Titanic struck an iceberg in 1912，it took three hours to go down，allowing time for more civilized behavior to take control--and the majority of the survivors were women，children and people with young children．
Economist Benno Torgler of the Queensland University of Technology in Australia and his colleagues studied the two sinkings in order to explore the economic theory that people generally behave in a"rational"and selfish manner．The two tragedies provided a"natural experiment"for testing the idea，because the passengers on the two ships were quite similar in terms of gender and wealth．
The major difference was how long it took the ships to sink．They suggested that when people have little time to react，instincts may rule．When more time is available，social influences play a bigger role．But psychologists noted that many factors other than following social norms （社會(huì)規(guī)范）could come into play in a disaster，including an evolutionary urge to save the species，attachments that are formed between individuals during the event and the leadership of authority figures．
The extent of altruism（利他主義）and how it occurs"is a very controversial issue，"said Anthony R．Mawson，a professor of preventive medicine at the University of Mississippi Medical Center．He thinks the dominant response was attachment behavior．
Psychologist Daniel Kruger of the University of Michigan，US thinks that the answer lies less in social norms and more in our evolutionary heritage．Human beings have a deep instinct to preserve our kind，he said，and that means"people are more likely to save those who have higher reproductive value，namely the young and women in child-bearing years"．
Kruger also stressed the importance of leadership during a disaster，noting that the Titanic's captain appeared to have greater control than the Lusitania's．
（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN 12WORDS）

78．According to Benno Torgler，what led to the different results between the two shipwrecks？
The time it took the ships to sink
79．Besides social norms and leadership，what other factors play a part in disaster behavior？
The evolutionary urge to save the species and the emotional/interpersonal attachments
80．According to Daniel Kruger，Why do the young and women of child-bearing age take the priority to survive？
Because they are more important to the survival of the species
81．What does the passage mainly tell us？
The reasons why people behave differently in a disaster．

Answer 1

分析 本文主要講述了船在失事后人們的不同反應(yīng)取決于船體失事持續(xù)的時(shí)間，以及在災(zāi)難面前人類的本能也起著至關(guān)重要的作用．

解答 78．The time it took the ships to sink此題的難度不大，定位到文章第五段開(kāi)頭The major difference was how long it took the ships to sink，注意到語(yǔ)法細(xì)節(jié)，改成名詞短語(yǔ)The time it took the ships to sink．
79．The evolutionary urge to save the species and the emotional/interpersonal attachments此題難度也不大，定位到第五段最后"But psychologists noted that many factors other t…including an evolutionary urge to save the species，attachments that are formed between individuals during the event…"，我們可以判斷另外兩個(gè)影響人們?cè)跒?zāi)難中做出什么表現(xiàn)的因素是維持人類自身物種發(fā)展的本能和人與人之間的親情．
80．Because they are more important to the survival of the species/Because they make a contribution to human continuity/Because they have higher reproductive value to human beings此題難度不大，但需要自己組織語(yǔ)言，文章倒數(shù)第二段提到"Human beings have a deep instinct to preserve our kind"，人類有一種保護(hù)自身物種的本能，而年輕人和待孕婦女可以更好地繁衍后代，保持物種的繁衍．因此可以總結(jié)出Because they have higher reproductive value to human beings．
81．The reasons why people behave differently in a disaster
The factors that lead people to behave differently in a disaster．
The factors that play a part in disaster behavior．
此題屬于主旨概括題，文章第一段就提到了航海失事之后人們不同的反應(yīng)取決于船體失事持續(xù)的時(shí)間，后面又具體分析了，時(shí)間緊急時(shí)，人類的本能起主要作用，時(shí)間相對(duì)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，社會(huì)道德規(guī)范，維護(hù)自身物種繁衍生存的本能以及領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力都起到主要作用．可見(jiàn)文章的主旨是決定人們對(duì)船只失事的反應(yīng)的因素，即The factors that lead people to behave differently in a disaster．

點(diǎn)評(píng) 閱讀表達(dá)，要求學(xué)生在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)短文后的題目，在文中找到相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，并用簡(jiǎn)潔、準(zhǔn)確的句子，將理解的內(nèi)容，書(shū)面表達(dá)出來(lái)．做題時(shí)，注意表達(dá)的內(nèi)容不要超出規(guī)定的字?jǐn)?shù)．