Medical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure. One solution to this problem is to put the drugs inside a capsule, protecting them from the body—and the body from them—until they can be released at just the right spot. There are lots of ways to trigger (引發(fā)) this release, including changing temperature, acidity, and so on. But triggers can come with their own risks—burns, for example. Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining near-infrared light (NIR, 近紅外線) on the drug in the capsule.
The idea of using light to liberate the drug in the capsule isn’t new. Researchers around the globe have developed polymers (聚合物) and other materials that begin to break down when they absorb either ultraviolet (UV, 紫外線) or visible light. But tissues also readily absorb UV and visible light, which means the drug release can be triggered only near the skin, where the light can reach the capsule. NIR light largely passes through tissues, so researchers have tried to use it as a trigger. But few compounds (化合物) absorb NIR well and go through chemical changes.
That changed last year when Adah Almutairi, a chemist at the University of California, San Diego, reported that she and her colleagues had designed a polymer that breaks down when it absorbs NIR light. Their polymer used a commercially available NIR-absorbing group called o-nitrobenzyl (ONB). When they catch the light, ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown. But ONB is only a so-so NIR absorber, and it could be poisonous to cells when it separates from the polymer.
So Almutairi and her colleagues reported creating a new material for capsules that’s even better.This one consists of a long chain of compounds called cresol groups linked in a polymer. Cresol contains reactive(易反應(yīng)的) components that make it highly unstable in its polymeric form, a feature Almutairi and her colleagues use to their advantage. After polymerizing the cresols, they cap each reactive component with a light-absorbing compound called Bhc. When the Bhcs absorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed and break the long polymer into two short chains. Shining additional light continues this breakdown, potentially releasing any drugs in the capsule. What’s more, Almutairi says, Bhc is 10 times better at absorbing NIR than is ONB and is not poisonous to cells.
小題1:According to the passage, which of the following could be the best trigger?
A．Temperature change.B．NIR light.C．Acidity change.D．UV light.
小題2:Why is ONB unsatisfactory?
A．It breaks down when it absorbs NIR light.
B．It falls off the polymer and triggers drug release.
C．It has not come onto the market up till now.
D．It is not effective enough and could be poisonous.
小題3:Which word can be used to complete the following process of changes?
A．protectedB．formedC．exposedD．combined

小題1:B
小題2:D
小題3:C
這一篇科普文章，講的是“怎樣使用膠囊，讓吃藥更加安全、療效好”。
小題1:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)首段最后兩句“But triggers can come with their own risks-…”“Now, …a harmless trigger…near-infrared light (NIR, 近紅外線)”可知答案是B。
小題2:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段尾句“But ONB is only a so-so NIR absorber, and it could be poisonous to cells when it separates from the polymer.”
小題3:細(xì)節(jié)歸納題。根據(jù)尾段關(guān)鍵詞、句：“a long chain of compounds called cresol groups”“Cresol contains reactive(易反應(yīng)的) components that…”“When…, the reactive groups are exposed and break…”“…continues this breakdown”可知答案是C。
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

The common cold is the world's most widespread illness, which is plagues (瘟疫) that flesh receives. The most widespread fallacy (謬誤) of all is that colds are caused by cold. They are not. They are caused by viruses passing on from person to person. You catch a cold by coming into contact, directly or indirectly, with someone who already has one.
If cold causes colds, it would be reasonable to expect the Eskimos to suffer from them forever. But they do not. And in isolated arctic regions explorers have reported being free from colds until coming into contact again with infected people from the outside world by way of packages and mail dropped from airplanes.
　　During the First World War soldiers who spent long periods in the trenches (戰(zhàn)壕) cold and wet, showed no increased tendency to catch colds. In the Second World War prisoners at the notorious Auschwitz concentration camp (奧斯維辛集中營(yíng)), naked and starving, were astonished to find that they seldom had colds.
　　At the Common Cold Research Unit in England, volunteers took part in experiments in which they gave themselves to the discomforts of being cold and wet for long stretches of time. After taking hot baths, they put on bathing suits, allowed themselves to be dipped with cold water, and then stood about dripping wet in drafty room. Some wore wet socks all day while others exercised in the rain until close to exhaustion. Not one of the volunteers came down with a cold unless a cold virus was actually dropped in his nose.
　　If, then, cold and wet have nothing to do with catching colds, why are they more frequent in the winter? Despite the most pains-taking research, no one has yet found the answer. One explanation offered by scientists is that people tend to stay together indoors more in cold weather than at other times, and this makes it easier for cold viruses to be passed on.
　　No one has yet found a cure for the cold. There are drugs and pain-killer pills such as aspirin, but all they do is relieve the symptoms.
小題1:How many examples are offered by the writer to support his argument?
A．4 B．5 C．6 D．3
小題2:Which of the following does not agree with the chosen passage?
A．The Eskimos do not suffer from colds all the time.
B．Colds are not caused by cold.
C．People suffer from colds just because they like to stay indoors.
D．A person may catch a cold by touching someone who already has one.
小題3:Arctic explorers may catch colds when _______.
A．they are working in the isolated arctic regions
B．they are writing reports in terribly cold weather
C．they are free from work in the isolated arctic regions
D．they are coming into touch again with the outside world
小題4:Volunteers taking part in the experiments in the Common Cold Research Unit _______.
A．suffered a lot B．never caught colds
C．often caught colds D．became very strong
小題5:The passage mainly discusses _______.
A．the experiments on the common colds
B．the fallacy about the common cold
C．the reason and the way people catch colds
D．the continued spread of common colds

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

In the face of tragedy(悲劇), you must of course let yourself feel: Cry without holding back, tremble with fear, yell out in anger, accept and follow your feelings. This is part of the wise approach to tragedy: The Upward Path – the feeling of emotions(情感), the acceptance of them, and the coupling of the emotional mind with wisdom. Along this path, you’ll take the experience – no matter how sad or upsetting – as a learning event, just as all other points on your journey will prove to be. While tragic, you must recognize this is still a chance for all involved to grow. You should let both sadness and joy, fear and courage, dark and light fill your world, and learn to find your steady, calm center in the midst of the opposing forces. This is the Upward Path. Use the event as a chance to gain balance and discover wisdom – the wisdom of love and of letting go, of non-attachment and non-resistance, and using this experience to eventually help others in need of guidance.
Being able to relate to others who have also experienced tragedy and inspire in them hope – of recovery, and of moving forward – is perhaps the greatest gift you can receive from tragedy. Turn the negative into positive, the pain into connection. After you’ve taken appropriate time to be sad, to feel your own pain, you should make it your work, your goal, your purpose to connect with others who need help. Show them how you’ve experienced feelings, achieved balance, and gained wisdom that you would never have otherwise had the chance to learn.
Feel, but do not Feed on tragedy. Rather, let it inspire you to go beyond the person who you were before. With demise comes renewal, so let this loss be also your rebirth. No matter how hopeless it seems, no matter how difficult this becomes, you have the power to transform yourself into someone greater than you ever knew you could be. 
小題1:When following the Upward Path, the person facing tragedy should _______.
A．free his emotions
B．hold back all his feelings
C．fill his world with positive ideas
D．give in to tragedy and all opposing forces
小題2:According to the author, the greatest gift one gets from tragedy is being able to _______.
A．seek solutions from othersB．understand and help others
C．stay calm and resist changeD．forgive others and move on
小題3:The underlined word “demise” in the last paragraph probably means _______.
A．sorrowB．problemC．difficultyD．death
小題4:The purpose of the passage is to _______.
A．a(chǎn)nalyze the causes of tragedy
B．tell people how to prevent tragedy
C．suggest a way of dealing with tragedy
D．encourage people to build friendship after tragedy

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

There is an English saying, “Laughter is the best medicine.” Until recently, few people took the saying seriously. Now however, doctors have begun to look into laughter and the effects it has on the human body. They have found that laughter really can improve people’s health.
Tests were carried out to study the effects of laughter on the body. People watched funny films while doctors checked their heart, blood pressure, breathing and muscles. It was found that laughter has similar effects to physical exercise. It increases blood pressure, makes the heart beat quicker and makes people breathe deeper; it also works several groups of muscles in the face, the stomach, and even the feet. If laughter exercises the body, it must be beneficial.
Other tests have shown that laughter appears to be able to reduce the effect of pain on the body. In one experiment doctors produced pain in groups of students who listened to different radio programmes. The group that tolerated (忍耐) the pain for the longest time was the group which listened to a funny programme. The reason why laughter can reduce pain seems to be that it helps to produce a kind of chemical in the brain which diminishes both stress and pain.
As a result of these discoveries, some doctors in the United States now hold laughter clinics, in which they help to improve their patients’ condition by encouraging them to laugh. They have found that even if their patients do not really feel like laughing, making them smile is enough to produce beneficial effects similar to those caused by laughter.
小題1:According to the passage, which of the following statements is WRONG?  
A．Laughter is good for health.
B．Laughter can make you become old quickly.
C．Laughter helps to reduce pain.
D．Laughter, just like physical exercise, is good for our body.
小題2:The underlined word “diminishes” in the third paragraph means “         ”.  
A．delaysB．preventsC．increasesD．reduces
小題3:Why do doctors hold laughter clinics? 
A．Because they want to earn more money.
B．Because they think they will help the patients recover from illnesses.
C．Because they want to improve their patients’ health.
D．Because they want their patients to laugh more.
小題4:According to the author, we should __________ in our life. 
A．laugh as much as possible
B．watch more funny films
C．smile all the time
D．spend time in the laughter clinics
小題5:What would be the best title for this passage?  
A．Both laughter and physical exercise are good for health.
B．Laughter clinics can help patients improve their condition.
C．Laughter can reduce the effect of pain.
D．Laughter is the best medicine.

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

For well over a thousand years, smallpox was a disease that everyone feared. The disease killed much of the native population in South America when the Spanish arrived there in the early sixteenth century. By the end of the eighteenth century, smallpox was responsible for about one in ten deaths around the world. Those who survived the disease were left with ugly scars on their skin.
It had long been well known among farmers that people who worked with cows seldom caught smallpox; instead, they often caught a similar but much milder disease called cowpox (牛痘) . A British doctor called Jenner was extremely interested in this, and so he studied cowpox. He believed that, by vaccinating (給接種疫苗) people with the disease, he could protect them against the much worse disease smallpox. In 1796, he vaccinated a boy with cowpox and, two months later, with smallpox. The boy did not get smallpox. In the next two years, Jenner vaccinated several children in the same way, and none of them got the disease．
News of the success of Jenner’s work soon spread. Vaccination soon became a common method to protect people against other diseases caused by virus, such as rabies (狂犬病), and vaccines were sent across the world to the United States and India.
It took nearly two centuries to achieve Jenner’s dream of getting free of smallpox from the whole world. In 1967, the world Health Organization (WHO) started a great vaccination program, and the last known case of smallpox was recorded in Somalia in 1977. The story of vaccinations does not end there, however. There are many other diseases that kill more and more people every year. Besides, many new diseases are being discovered. The challenge for medical researchers will, therefore, probably continue for several more centuries
小題1:Smallpox was so serious that _________________ by the end of l8th century
A．its death rate was up to ten percent
B．those who caught it were certain to die
C．one in ten people in the world died of smallpox
D．one in ten deaths in the world was caused by smallpox
小題2:Edward Jenner discovered that vaccination with cowpox could ____________.
A．make smallpox much milder
B．stop people from getting smallpox
C．protect people against any disease
D．prevent people’s scars after smallpox
小題3:Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A．The first experiment with cowpox was made by a British doctor.
B．After 1977 smallpox disappeared around the world according to WHO.
C．Vaccination had existed among ordinary farmers before being discovered.
D．Vaccination can be used to protect people in the world against not only smallpox.
小題4:The author of the passage thinks that _________________.
A．vaccinations bring many new problems
B．vaccinations end the spread of diseases
C．there is a long way to go to fight against diseases
D．there is a long way to go to discover new diseases

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


Encouraging pupils to keep noise to a minimum should be a valuable component of all children’s education, according to new research.
Dr. Helen Lees, from Stirling University’s school of education, says that “enforced（強(qiáng)制的）silence” is seen as a punishment and often acts to suppress children’s natural ability. But she says that teaching children about the benefits of “enforced silence”,--- deliberate stillness that gives them the opportunity to focus and reflect in a stress-free environment--- can have a significant effect on pupils’ concentration and behavior.
It is the latest in a string of researches to establish a link between the classroom environment and pupils’ academic ability.
A study almost a decade ago in London found that children’s exam results were cut by as much as a third if they were taught in noisy classrooms. Teaching unions have also called for a limit of 26℃ to be put on classroom temperatures because teachers and pupils struggle to work in hot conditions, and some educationalists claim that too much clutter（雜亂的東西）on classroom walls can prevent children from concentrating.
Dr. Lees said, “When we take some research on school settings and put it all together, what we see is that education without silence does not make much sense. In areas of better learning outcomes, better self- confidence and well-being measures, enforced silence in a person’s life and an individual’s education is shown throughout the relevant research to be a benefit.”
Dozens of schools across Britain have already introduced periods of “reflective silence” into the timetable.
Kevin Hogston, head of Sheringdale Primary, south London, has just introduced a minute’s silence at the start of twice-weekly meetings in which children are taught breathing techniques and encouraged to reflect. The school plans to introduce it into classrooms every day.
小題1:According to Dr. Helen Lees, “enforced silence” ＿＿
A．is an effective way of punishment
B．does not make much sense in class
C．can improve pupils’ confidence
D．makes pupils more creative
小題2:The underlined word, “suppress”, in the second paragraph probably means “_________”.
A．preventB．improveC．a(chǎn)pplyD．reveal
小題3:What can be inferred from the research on school settings?
A．Students are more active if taught in noisy classrooms.
B．Silence makes a great difference to pupils.
C．Clutter on the walls can help students concentrate.
D．Most schools are not satisfactory in terms of classroom temperatures.
小題4: What would be the best title for the text?
A．Arranging classroom settings benefits studies
B．Achieving silence is beneficial for people
C．Using enforced silence is effective punishment
D．Keeping quiet in class improves academic performance

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

For centuries, the body's blood has been linked closely with the emotions．People who show no human emotions or feelings, are said to be cold-blooded killer．For example, the police are searching for a cold-blooded killer．He seems to kill for no reason, and no emotion, as if taking someone's life as nothing．
Cold can affect other parts of the body．The expression "get cold feet" has nothing to do with cold or your feet．The expression means being afraid to do something you have decided to do．For example, you agree to be president of an organization．But then you learn that all the other officers have resigned, and all the work of the organizations will be your responsibility．You are likely to get cold feet about being president when you understand the situation.
The expression "give someone the cold shoulder" probably comes from the physical act of turning your back toward someone, instead of speaking to him face to face．You may give a cold shoulder to a friend who has not kept a promise he made to you．Or, to someone who has lied about you to others.
A cold fish is not a fish．It is a person．But it is a person who is unfriendly, unemotional and shows no love or warmth．A cold fish does not offer much of himself to anyone．Someone who is a cold fish could be cold-hearted．Now a cold-hearted person is someone who has no sympathy．Several popular songs in recent years were about cold-hearted men or cold-hearted women who, without feelings, broke the hearts of their lovers.
"Out in the cold" means not getting something that everybody else got．A person might say that everybody but him got a pay raise——he was left out in the cold．And it is not a pleasant place to be.
小題1:When you refuse to speak to a man and treat him in a distant way, you may express by "_____"．
A．I give him the cold shoulderB．I think he is a cold-blooded man
C．I think he is a cold fishD．I'm likely to get cold feet
小題2:If Sue shows absolutely no reaction to those awful pictures of starving children in Africa, you will say ______．
A．she is a cold-blooded killerB．she gets cold feet
C．she is a cold fishD．she is out in the cold
小題3:We can use the expression "_____" to describe a man who abandons or hurts his lover without mercy．
A．cold-bloodedB．cold shoulder C．cold feetD．cold-hearted
小題4:The topic of this passage is about _____．
A．the relationship between cold and our bodyB．some expressions about friendship
C．some expressions connected with coldD．how cold weather comes into being

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Mom noticed that something was wrong when I started getting so thirsty, I’d have a lot to drink before bed, which was unusual for me. One time, I opened a big container of apple juice and kept refilling my glass. Before I knew it, I’d drunk the entire container! My mom call my doctor. I then had a few blood tests, and the results were certain ------ I had diabetes, which meant that the amount of sugar in my blood was very high. That can be dangerous, so I had to learn how to control my blood-sugar level.
My eating habits had to change in a big way. With diabetes, I can’t eat a lot of sugar or carbohydrates. I have to figure out exactly how much sugar I plan to eat, and then I get an injection of insulin before the meals to help my body process the food. Also, I test my blood-sugar level often. I’m always trying to keep my blood sugar at a healthy level. The level can drop when I exercise, but that doesn’t keep me out of gym class or off the basketball court ------ I just keep some juice boxes around to boost my blood sugar if I need to.
It’s a lot of work ------ and not a lot of fun ------ to keep track of everything, but I’ve gotten used to my new habits. I was a little scared at first because I wasn’t sure how my life would change. Once I knew what I needed to do, though, it wasn’t a big deal. My life is different now from what it was before, but it has become completely regular to me.
小題1:The first paragraph is mainly about ______.
A．who found the author had diabetes
B．the author’s life before having diabetes
C．how the author was found to have diabetes
D．the author’s eating habits before having diabetes
小題2:The insulin injected into the body before the meals can ______.
A．change people’s eating habitB．help process the food
C．hasten the growth of organsD．prevent high blood level
小題3:What did the author do after knowing she had diabetes?
A．She stopped playing basketball in the gym.
B．She controlled her blood-sugar level strictly.
C．She stopped eating food with natural sugar.
D．She tested her blood-sugar level before every meal.
小題4:What does the underlined word “boost” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．Increase.B．Control.C．Absorb.D．Test.
小題5: What’s the author’s attitude towards her having diabetes now？
A．Worried.B．Frightened.C．Pessimistic.D．Positive.

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

I had about 10 minutes to exercise before I had to pick up my two older daughters from school yesterday. It was a busier day than usual for me with a couple of meetings besides my regular work.
Years ago, I would have put off my workout and would have left things for the next day. But since it was a busy day as well, I knew that I may not have all that much time either. So, I picked up my kettle-bell (啞鈴) and went to town for 4 minutes.
See, 4 minutes, if that’s all you’ve got, is enough to give your body a great fat-burning exercise. How did I get a killer workout in 4 minutes? I used a training workout discovered 10 years ago by a Japanese Sports Scientist called a TABATA.
It includes 20-second periods of warm-up, followed by 10-second periods of rest and 4-minute straight exercise. How is a 4-minute exercise able to burn fat? It all depends on the quality of work you do. Not on the quantity. Here’s how I did it yesterday.
You should never forget your warm-up. A TABATA workout is 20 seconds of 2-arm Kettle-bell swings, 10 seconds rest, 20 seconds push-ups, and 10 seconds rest. You should do those 4 rounds. That’s it. I was done in a total time of 8 minutes by the time and when I got to school my heart was still pumping pretty hard.
A healthy body is needed for studying and working, and efficiency (效率) is the key to building a great body in the least amount (數(shù)量) of time possible and you can’t get more efficient than a 4-minute workout.
小題1:We can learn from the passage that the author ______.
A．is busy with his workB．has a weak body now
C．has two children in allD．is a manager in a film
小題2:The underlined phrase “went to town” in Paragraph 2 means “_______”.
A．put off doing somethingB．went to a very small city
C．did something with interestD．hated to do something
小題3:What is the most important thing in taking exercise according to the author?
A．The goalB．the qualityC．The quantityD．The method

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