Are you a social butterfly, or do you prefer being at the edge of a group of friends? Either way, your genes and evolution may play a major 1 , US researchers reported on Monday.
While it may come as no surprise that genes may help explain 2 some people have many friends and others have 3 , the researchers said, their findings go just a little farther than that.
"Some of the things we find are 4 uncommon," said Nicholas Christakis of Harvard University in Massachusetts, who helped 5 the study.
"We find that how interconnected your friends are 6 on your genes. Some people have four friends who know each other and some people have four friends who don't 7 each other. 8 Dick and Harry know each other depends on Tom's 9 ," Christakis said in a telephone interview.
Christakis and colleague James Fowler of the University of California San Diego are 10 known for their studies that show obesity, smoking and happiness spread in networks.
For this study, they and Christopher Dawes of UCSD used national data that 11 more than 1,000 identical(同卵的) and fraternal(異卵的) twins’ genes. Because 12 share an environment, these studies are good for showing the impact that genes have 13 various things, because identical twins 14 all their genes while fraternal twins share just half.
"We found there appears to be a genetic tendency to introduce your friends 15 each other," Christakis said.
There could be good, evolutionary reasons 16 this. People in the middle of a social network could be secret to useful gossip, 17 the location of food or good investment choices.
But they would also be at risk of catching effects from all sides -- in which case the advantage would 18 more cautious social behavior, they wrote in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
"It may be that natural selection is 19 not just things like whether or not we can resist the common cold, but also who it is that we are going to come into 20 with," Fowler said in a statement.
( ) 1. A. role B. rule C. roll D. pole
( ) 2. A. where B. why C. when D. how
( ) 3. A. a few B. several C. few D. some
( ) 4. A. generally B. mainly C. mostly D. frankly
( ) 5. A. conduct B. introduce C. conflict D. instruct
( ) 6. A. depends B. bases C. take D. put
( ) 7. A. see B. inspect C. learn D. know
( ) 8. A. When B. Where C. What D. Whether
( ) 9. A. genes B. brains C. appearances D. figures
( ) 10. A. much B. best C. very D. least
( ) 11. A. recorded B. illustrated C. described D. compared
( ) 12. A. brothers B. sisters C. twins D. cousins
( ) 13. A. with B. on C. for D. to
( ) 14. A. share B. have C. own D. show
( ) 15. A. into B. to C. in D. from
( ) 16. A. for B. with C. to D. at
( ) 17. A. in addition to B. due to C. as for D. such as
( ) 18. A. lie on B. bring in C. lie in D. send in
( ) 19. A. acting on B. putting on C. relying on D. sending on
( ) 20. A. contract B. face C. join D. contact
1-20 ABCDA ADDAB DCBAB ADCAD
本文說明的是一個人的朋友的多寡取決于他的基因。做本完形填空的時候,我們要把生活中的實際情況和文章中作者的思路相結合。
1. A你的基因及進化過程可能在這一問題上起著重要的作用(也就是A項)。BCD三項依次分別表示的意思是:規(guī)則,卷,棒桿,語意上都不適合。
2. B研究人員稱,用基因解釋為什么(也即是:why)有些人朋友眾多而有些人卻寡朋少友其實并不新鮮。ACD項依次表示:在哪兒,在什么時候,哪一個,語意和邏輯上與語境不符。
3. C根據上一題的分析,此空應表示“沒有”之意,即是:few,ABD三項都表的確“有”。
4. D研究人員這兒是說他們發(fā)現的一些現象的確很奇怪!暗拇_”就是“確實”,就是“說實話”,也即是“坦誠地”(frankly),ABC三項依次分別表示:大體上地,主要地,大部分地,這些都不和語意相契合。
5. A來自馬薩諸塞州哈佛大學的Nicholas Christakis協助開展該研究。這里的“開展”研究,就是“做”研究,A項的conduct:做,實施,非常合適,而BCD三項的意思依次是:介紹,沖突,生產。
6. A我們發(fā)現一個人朋友之間的親密程度取決于這個人的基因,“取決于”: depends。 BCD各項加上on之后的意思是:基礎是,呈現,穿上,都不能和語境契合。
7. D結合語境:有的人有四個朋友而且互相認識;而有的人有四個朋友,但他們卻素不相識(即是know)。ABC三項分別表示:看到,檢查,學會。
8. D迪克和哈利是否(就是whether)互相認識是取決于湯姆的基因。ABC三項中的“何時,何地,什么”都與邏輯不搭配。
9. A由上面的分析我們得知全文都是講的“基因”,故這兒就填A項genes(gene的復數形式),而不是BCD三項分別依次表示的意思:大腦,外貌,形象。
10.B Christakis和他的同事、來自加利福尼亞大學圣地亞哥分校的James Fowler此前以研究肥胖、吸煙以及快樂會在朋友之間傳播而十分著名,可以確定CD兩項錯,因為它們表是否定含義:較不,最不;而這里有沒有和那些人“比起來”之意,所以A項的better也錯了。這里只是用形容詞的最高級形式表示“很,非常,極其”來修飾known(出名)。故B項正確。
11.D Christopher Dawes of UCSD使用了一項全國性數據,這項數據對1000多對同卵及異卵雙胞胎的基因進行了對比。因為是數據(data)所以最令人迷惑的是A項recorded(記錄),但是是兩類基因,所以比較合理的邏輯應該是compared(比較)。BC兩項所表示的意思分別依次是:舉例證明,形容描繪,與上面的語境不契合。
12.C由于雙胞胎生活在同一個環(huán)境,而且同卵雙胞胎的基因完全相同,而異卵雙胞胎有一半的基因相同,所以這些研究有助于發(fā)現基因對人各個方面的影響。再加上上文就說是“雙胞胎”(twins)。ABD項的意思以此事:兄弟,姐妹,堂兄妹,都不合乎語境。
13.B 由上一題的解析我們知道:that genes have 13 various things,是定語從句修飾impact(影響),而have an impact on是個固定詞組,意思是:對……有影響。ACD依次表示:和,為了,對于,它們都與impact不搭配。
14.A由第12題的分析我們得知此空填上表示“有完全相同”的基因,這四個詞中表示這個意思的只有share(分享,共同擁有)和這個語境相吻合,其余BCD三項表示的:有,擁有,說明之意都不合乎邏輯。
15.B我們發(fā)現人們在介紹朋友互相認識時有一個基因傾向性。“介紹朋友互相認識”用英語表示就是introduce……to……,也就是B項。Introduce與into, in, from都不是合理的搭配。
16.A這種傾向性可以用合理的、進化方面的原因來解釋。這兒是表示“…的原因”,也就是英語中用“reason for”來表示,而不是with, to, at。
17.D處于社交圈中的人們可能會對一些有用信息的保密,比如哪些地方有吃的,或者好的投資選擇等等,這里是舉例,也即是D項such as……例如,A項表示:還有,B項是:因為,C項:對于,與語境都不能合理的吻合。
18.C好處只有存在于社交活動謹慎的人中,表示“存在于”之意的動詞短語,即是:C項:lie in,ABD三項分別表示:堅持,引進,派人去請。無論意義還是邏輯上都不合適。
19.A可能自然選擇對我們接觸什么樣的人也有影響!蔽覀兊弥丝找钌媳硎尽坝杏绊憽敝獾膭釉~短語,就是act on,acting只不過是現在分詞形式。BCD三項各自表示:穿上,依賴,(向前)傳遞或轉發(fā),和上面的語境不相契合。
20.D由上一題的語境我們知道,此空需要填上表示“接觸聯系”之意的名詞,也即是D項:contact,其余BCD三項雖然都和with搭配,但都不是“接觸聯系”之意,它們分別依次表示:訂合同,面對,連接。
科目:高中英語 來源:2012-2013學年陜西省寧強縣天津高級中學高二第一次月考英語試卷(帶解析) 題型:閱讀理解
I was shopping in the supermarket when I heard a young voice.
“Mom, come here! There’s this lady here my size!”
The mother rushed to her son; then she turned to me to apologize.
I smiled and told her, “It’s okay.” Then I talked to the boy, “Hi, Mickey, I’m Darry Kramer. How are you?”
He studied me from head to toe, and asked, “Are you a little mommy?”
“Yes, I have a son,” I answered.
“Why are you so little?” he asked.
“It’s the way I was born,” I said. “Some people are little. Some are tall. I’m just not going to grow any bigger.” After I answered his other questions, I shook the boy’s hand and left.
My life as a little person is filled with stories like that. I enjoy talking to children and explaining why I look different from their parents.
It takes only one glance to see my uniqueness. I stand three feet nine inches tall. I was born an dwarf (侏儒). Despite this, I did all the things other kids did when I was growing up.
I didn’t realize how short I was until I started school. Some kids laughed at me.. I began to hate the first day of school each year. New students would always stare at me as I struggled to climb the school bus stairs.
But I learned to smile and accept the fact that I was going to be noticed my whole life. I decided to make my uniqueness an advantage rather than a disadvantage. What I lacked in height, I made up for in personality.
I’m 47 now, and the stares have not diminished as I’ve grown older. People are amazed when they see me driving. I try to keep a good attitude. When people are rude, I remind myself, “Look what else I have---a great family, nice friends.”
It’s the children’s questions that make my life special. I enjoy answering their questions. My hope is that I will encourage them to accept their peers (a person of the same age, class, position, etc.), whatever size and shape they come in, and treat them with respect.
【小題1】Why did the mother apologize to the author?
A.Because the boy ran into the author. |
B.Because the boy laughed at the author. |
C.Because the boy said the author was fatter than him. |
D.Because the mother thought the boy’s words had hurt the author. |
A.When she grew up. |
B.When she was 47 years old. |
C.When she began to go to school. |
D.When she met the boy in the supermarket. |
A.Angry. | B.Calm. | C.Painful. | D.Discouraged. |
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科目:高中英語 來源:江蘇寧海外國語學校2010屆高三高考模擬英語試題(10) 題型:閱讀理解
D
Ben walked quietly. He wanted to surprise the hunter. But then, what would he do?
Suddenly he heard a bird’s wings beating the dry grass. Ben moved quickly toward the sound.
He saw a colored head ... the head of a beautiful bird. The bird did not move until Ben came close. Then it tried to fly away, but one wing was broken.
Ben lifted the bird and held it close against his body. The bird fought to escape, but soon lay quietly in Ben’s arms.
Ben decided to take the bird home and fix its broken wings so that it could fly again.
He was almost out of the woods when he heard the hunter behind him.
“You just found that bird?” the hunter asked.
“Yes,” Ben answered.
“It is mine!”
Ben was afraid and tried to answer, but his mouth was too dry to speak. Nevertheless, he wetted his lips and said, “No.”
“I shot him and I say he is mine!”
“But he is not dead yet,” Ben answered, “and besides, anything on my land belongs to me.”
The hunter looked down at the little man and smiled. “Say, who are you?”
Ben’s voice shook with both fear and anger. “I own this land. There are signs everywhere that say, ‘No hunting’.”
“No need to get angry, mister,” the hunter said. “Control yourself.”
There was something threatening in the man’s cool quiet voice. And he had a gun. His arms were free and Ben’s were not.
The hunter stepped closer and said, “Give me that bird!”
Ben was white with anger. “No!” he answered. His eye glasses became wet and he had to look over the top of them to see the other man.
“Give me the bird and I will go away,” the hunter said.
“You get off my land,” Ben told him. “Get off right now...you do not belong here!”
The man’s face got red. “Mister,” he said, “I have been hunting here all my life. I grew up here.”
“That is a thing of the past,” Ben said. “I do not know who you are and I do not care. I own this place now and I am telling you to leave. You go back through the woods and get off my land!”
“Now look, mister,” the hunter said, “be reasonable.”
The hunter raised his gun.
A cold wind blew across Ben’s face. He looked into the hunter’s gray eyes. Ben was frightened. It was not too late, he thought. He could still give the bird to the hunter and return safely home...that would end this whole ugly business.
The bird struggled weakly and made a wild, strange noise.
Then Ben knew he could never give this bird to the hunter. This feeling gave Ben great strength, and he was no longer afraid.
“I will never let you kill this bird,” he said. “Get away from here. If you try to take this bird, I will fight...you have a gun and you are bigger, but that does not worry me. You will never get this bird...you will have to kill me first.”
The two men looked at each other. Ben’s fear returned. His knees began to shake and he felt sick. Yet he stood straight, wondering what would happen next.
They stood close to each other for a long time. The woods were strangely quiet. Then the hunter’s rough voice broke the silence.
“You are a fool.” And then to Ben’s surprise, he slowly walked away.
Ben watched until he was gone. His arms hurt, his body felt wet and cold.
67. Why did the hunter smile when saying “Say, who are you”?
A. He wanted to confirm Ben’s identity in a friendly way.
B. He was amused at Ben’s reply and interested in him.
C. He looked down on Ben and thought his reply ridiculous.
D. He meant to be friendly enough to get the bird from Ben.
68. What strengthened Ben’s determination never to give the bird to the hunter?
A. His strong dislike of the hunter. B. His firm confidence in himself.
C. His ownership of this piece of land. D. His concern and sympathy for the bird.
69. Why did the hunter remark that Ben was a fool at the end of the story?
A. Ben tried to protect a bird at all costs.
B. Ben pretended to be fearless although scared.
C. Ben stood close to him saying nothing for long.
D. Ben insisted on him leaving the land.
70. Which of the following best describes Ben’s state of mind in the incident?
A. Ben was willing to compromise. B. Ben never thought of giving in.
C. Ben held out to the end. D. Ben was sure about his victory.
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科目:高中英語 來源:2010-2011年浙江臺州中學高二上學期期中考試英語試卷 題型:閱讀理解
I was shopping in the supermarket when I heard a young voice. “Mom, come here! There’s this lady near my size!” The mother rushed to her son; then she turned to me to apologize. I smiled and told her, “It’s okay.” Then talked to the boy, “Hi, I’m Darry Kramer. How are you?” He studied me from head to toe, and asked, “Are you a little mommy?” “Yes, I have a son,” I answered. “Why are you so little?” he asked. “It’s the way I was born,” I said. “Some people are little. Some are tall. I’m just not going to grow any bigger.” After I answered his other questions, I shook the boy’s hand and left.
My life as a little person is filled with stories like that. I enjoy talking to children and explaining why I look different from their parents.
It takes only one glance to see my uniqueness. I stand three feet nine inches tall. I was born an achondroplasia dwarf (侏儒). Despite this, I did all the things other kids did when I was growing up.
I didn’t realize how short I was until I started school. Some kids joked on me, calling me names. Then I knew. I began to hate the first day of school each year. New students would always stare at me as I struggled to climb the school bus stairs.
But I learned to smile and accept the fact that I was going to be noticed my whole life. I decided to make my uniqueness an advantage rather than a disadvantage. What I lacked in height, I made up for in personality.
I’m 47 now, and the stares have not diminished as I’ve grown older. People are amazed when they see me driving. I try to keep a good attitude. When people are rude, I remind myself, “Look what else I have – a great family, nice friends.”
It’s the children’s questions that make my life special. I enjoy answering their questions. My hope is that I will encourage them to accept their peers (a person of the same age, class, position, etc.), whatever size and shape they come in, and treat them with respect.
【小題1】
Why did the mother apologize to the author?
A.Because the boy ran into the author. |
B.Because the boy laughed at the author. |
C.Because they boy said the author was fatter than him. |
D.Because the mother thought the boy’s words had hurt the author. |
A.When she grew up. |
B.When she was 47 years old. |
C.When she began to go to school. |
D.When she met the boy in the supermarket. |
A.doubted | B.increased | C.decreased | D.improved |
A.Angry | B.Calm | C.Painful | D.Discouraged |
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科目:高中英語 來源:2012-2013學年浙江省高三第一次月考英語試卷(解析版) 題型:閱讀理解
Are you a compulsive spender, or do you hold on to your money as long as possible? Are you a bargain hunter? Would you rather use charge accounts than pay cash? Your answers to these questions will reflect your personality. According to psychologists, our individual money habits not only show our beliefs and values, but can also stem from past problems.
Experts in psychology believe that for many people, money is an important symbol of strength and influence. Husbands who complain about their wives’ spending habits may be afraid that they are losing power in their marriage. Wives, on the other hand, may waste huge amounts of money because they are angry at their husbands. In addition, many people consider money a symbol of love. They spend it on their family and friends to express love, or they buy themselves expensive presents because they need love.
People can be addicted to different things — for example, alcohol, drugs, certain foods, or even television. They are compulsive in their addictions, i.e. they must satisfy these needs to feel comfortable. In the same way, according to psychologists, compulsive spenders must spend money. For people who buy on credit, furthermore, charge accounts are even more exciting than money: in other words, they feel that with credit, they can do anything. Their pleasures in spending enormous amounts are actually greater than those they get from the things they buy.
There is even a special psychology of bargain hunting. To save money, of course, most people look for sales, low prices, and discounts. Compulsive bargain hunters, however, often buy things that they don’t need just because they are cheap. They want to believe that they are helping their budgets, but they are really playing an exciting game: when they can buy something for less than other people, they feel that they are winning. Most people, experts claim, have two reasons for their behavior: a good reason for the things that they do and the real reason.
It is not only scientists, of course, who understand the psychology of spending habits, but also business people. Stores, companies, and advertisers use psychology to increase business: they consider people’s needs for love, power, or influence, their basic values, their beliefs and opinions, etc. in their advertising and sales methods.
Psychologists often use a method called “behavior therapy(療法)” to help individuals solve their personality problems. In the same way, they can help people who feel that they have problems with money: they give them “assignments”. If a person buys something in every store that he enters, for instance, a therapist might teach him self-discipline in this way: on the first day of his therapy, he must go into a store, stay five minutes, and then leave. On the second day, he should stay for ten minutes and try something on. On the third day, he stays for fifteen minutes, asks the salesclerk a question, but does not buy anything. Soon he will learn that nothing bad will happen to him if he doesn’t buy anything, and he can solve the problem of his compulsive buying.
1.If you use charge accounts, ____.
A.you pay in cash B.you pay with credit card
C.you pay less than you should D.you pay more than you should
2.Compulsive bargain hunters buy things for all the following reasons except that ____.
A.the things they buy are cheap
B.they believe they can balance their budgets
C.they get psychological satisfaction
D.they really need the things they buy
3.Behavior therapy in this case aims at____.
A.helping businessmen to increase their business
B.helping compulsive spenders to buy less
C.finding out how people will react if they are allowed to buy
D.finding out what people will do in front of a bargain
4.The underlined word “those” in Paragraph 3 refers to ____.
A.different things B.their addictions
C.charge accounts D.their pleasures
5.From the passage we can conclude that ____.
A.how you spend money reveals if you are psychologically healthy
B.money is a necessity and will bring you happiness if you have much
C.compulsive buying problems can be solved by taking some medicine
D.all businessmen understand well the psychology of customers
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科目:高中英語 來源:2012-2013學年河北省高二上學期期中考試英語試卷(解析版) 題型:單項填空
—Are you a volunteer now?
—No, but I _____. I worked for the City Sports Meeting last year.
A.used to |
B.used to be |
C.used to do |
D.was used to |
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