Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, the attitudes to dirt are always changing.
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, and washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief above was long­lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ.Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea; clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first­time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist(免疫學(xué)家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.
【小題1】The kings of France and England in the 16th century closed bath houses because ________.

A．they believed disease could be spread in public baths
B．they thought bath houses were too dirty to stay in
C．they lived healthily in a dirty environment
D．they considered bathing as the cause of skin disease
【小題2】Which of the following best describes Henry IV's attitude to bathing?
A．Approving. B．Afraid. C．Curious. D．Uninterested.
【小題3】How does the passage mainly develop?
A．By providing examples.
B．By making comparisons.
C．By following the order of importance.
D．By following the order of time.
【小題4】 What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?
A．To stress the role of dirt.
B．To introduce the history of dirt.
C．To present the change of views on dirt.
D．To call attention to the danger of dirt.


【小題1】A
【小題2】B
【小題3】D
【小題4】C

解析試題分析：本文主要講述的是在歷史的發(fā)展過(guò)程中，人們對(duì)于灰塵的看法是在不停地發(fā)生著變化。
【小題1】細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段2，3行as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.說(shuō)明他們認(rèn)為在浴室里還傳染疾病的，所以才下令關(guān)閉浴室。故選A
【小題2】推理題。根據(jù)第二段最后3行Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. 說(shuō)明他很害怕疾病的傳播，所以才把這位貴族驅(qū)逐出去，故選B
【小題3】推理題。根據(jù)第二段In the early 16th century和 did the king of England in 1546. 以及Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. 說(shuō)明本文是按照時(shí)間的順序來(lái)組織全文的。故選D
【小題4】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章主題段第一段Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. 和最后一段Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease.都說(shuō)明人們對(duì)于dirt的看法是在不停地變化之中的，故選C
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