Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple ____.
Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we ____ do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult ____ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.
So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural ____, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really____issues.
Dunbar ____ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—____, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.
Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the ____ of the higher primates（靈長類動物）like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or____ from outside it.
As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar ____ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the ____ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to ____ the pressure and calm everybody down.
But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be ____ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more ____ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有聲的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one ____ contact.
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【小題2】B
【小題3】A
【小題4】D
【小題5】A
【小題6】B
【小題7】C
【小題8】D
【小題9】A
【小題10】C
【小題11】D
【小題12】D
【小題13】B
【小題14】B
【小題15】C
解析試題分析：研究表明人們的語言大多數(shù)不是重大的話題討論和研究，而很多是閑言碎語，這些閑言碎語是不是浪費(fèi)時間呢，Robin Dunbar教授不是這樣認(rèn)為的，他認(rèn)為閑言碎語是非常重要的，是人類發(fā)展過程中非常重要的交流形式。
【小題1】C考查名詞辨析。四個選項的含義分別是：A.宣稱,B.描述，C.閑話，D.語言，根據(jù)上文的句子：可知我們?nèi)祟惖拇蠖鄶?shù)對話不是文化的，政治的問題，也不是關(guān)于電影和樹的討論，而就是簡單的閑言碎語，Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading下文多次出現(xiàn)gossip這個詞，所以選C。
【小題2】B考查副詞辨析。四個選項的含義分別是：A.偶然地，B.習(xí)慣地，C.獨(dú)立地，D.最初地，根據(jù)上一句，Language is our greatest treasure as a species,語言是我們做為一個物種的最偉大的財寶，我們習(xí)慣怎么使用它？所以選B。
【小題3】A考查形容詞辨析。四個選項的含義分別是：A.社交的，B.政治的，C.歷史的，D.文化的，根據(jù)下文的：involving children, lovers, and colleagues.包括孩子，愛人和同事這些都是社會形勢，所以選A.
【小題4】D考查名詞辨析。四個選項的含義分別是：A.仰慕者，B.主人，C.使用者，D.浪費(fèi)者，根據(jù)上文，So why are we keen on gossiping?我們?yōu)槭裁聪矚g說些閑言碎語，因?yàn)槲覀兪菚r間和語言的浪費(fèi)者嗎？所以選D。
【小題5】A考查形容詞辨析。四個選項的含義分別是：A.至關(guān)重要的，B.敏感的，C.理想的，D.困難的，根據(jù)上文的介紹，It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar.可知Robin Dunbar教授不認(rèn)為我們是浪費(fèi)時間，而認(rèn)為閑言碎語是最重要的事情，所以選A。
【小題6】B考查動詞辨析。四個選項的含義分別是：A.證實(shí)，B.反對，C. 概述，略述，畫輪廓，打草圖D.拓寬，根據(jù)上下文可知Robin Dunbar教授是反對傳統(tǒng)的關(guān)于語言是在人類社會發(fā)展初期在組織打獵的時候發(fā)展起來的這個觀點(diǎn)，所以選B。
【小題7】C考查詞組辨析。四個選項的含義分別是：A.例如，B.此外，C.相反的，D.因此，根據(jù)上文的句子：Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk,可知：正相反的是，語言進(jìn)化是是讓我們說些閑言碎語的，所以選C。
【小題8】D考查名詞辨析。四個選項的含義分別是：A.動機(jī)，B.外表，出現(xiàn)，C. 情感，D.行為，根據(jù)下文的描述By means of grooming可知教授是通過研究靈長類動物的行為得出這個令人高興的理論的，所以選D。
【小題9】A考查名詞辨析。四個選項的含義分別是：A.進(jìn)攻，B.聯(lián)系，C.視察，D.幫助，根據(jù)上文的conflict可知猴子和其他的個體形成群體來獲得在內(nèi)部沖突事件中或來自外界的進(jìn)攻時的支持，所以選A。
【小題10】C考查動詞辨析。四個選項的含義分別是：A.回想，B.否認(rèn)，C.下結(jié)論，結(jié)束，D. .承認(rèn)，聆聽（某人的）懺悔，這句話的意思是：教授下結(jié)論說，我們在歷史上做過相似的事情，所以選C。
【小題11】D考查名詞辨析。四個選項的含義分別是：A. .前景，期望，眺望處，景象，B.責(zé)任，C.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，D.保護(hù)，根據(jù)下文的：on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others.可知因?yàn)槿后w越大，獲得的保護(hù)就越大，所以選D。
【小題12】D考查動詞辨析。四個選項的含義分別是：A.衡量，B.展示，C.保持，D.緩解，根據(jù)上文：on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others.群體越大，生活在一起的壓力就越大，梳理毛發(fā)可以緩解壓力，讓每個人都冷靜下來，所以選D。
【小題13】B考查動詞辨析。四個選項的含義分別是：A.拯救，B.延伸，延長，C.消費(fèi)，消耗，D.獲得，隨著群體越來越大，花在打扮上的時間就要延長來維持它的效果，所以選B。
【小題14】B考查形容詞辨析。四個選項的含義分別是：A.常見的，普遍的，B.有效的，C.科學(xué)的，D.考慮周到的，根據(jù)上文的effectiveness可知這里是需要一個更加有效的梳理毛發(fā)。所以選B。
【小題15】C考查形容詞辨析。四個選項的含義分別是：A.間接的，B.日常的，C.物理的，身體的，D.秘密的，語言演變成了有聲的梳理毛發(fā)，它可以讓人們通過比一對一的日常交流更多的人群中交換信息，這樣可以和更大的群體發(fā)展關(guān)系，所以選C。
考點(diǎn)：考查科普類短文
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I was late for the school bus and rushing to get ready. My dog, Tippy, got to the front door and lay down in front of it – his way of asking to be petted. I______his begging for affection (喜愛), and ran for the waiting bus.
______, that afternoon, when I came home, Mom said to me______, “Honey, I have some______news that I need to tell you. This morning, while you were at school, Tippy was hit by a car and______. I’m so sorry.”
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When I got off the bus the next day, the silence at home was deafening. , my sobs (哭泣) erupted (噴發(fā)) like lava (熔巖) from a volcano. I couldn’t stop______. I hadn’t even petted him when I left.______could I have known that was my last chance? I cried until I felt empty inside.
Time passed, and against my will, I started to______some things. I realized what little control any of us have over what happens ______ a dog. We can do everything right, but______things can still happen. But good things can happen too. That’s______. The best way to deal with the hard times is to understand what you and get them through when they come, and to remember that hard times always______.
I now deeply understand the “circle of life”. Everyone is born, everyone______, and that’s the way it is. If dogs never died, there would be no______for others like Belle – my new dog.
Best of all, I realized that Tippy______all of my old memories of him. And they come to me every time I call!
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“Thank you for your（19）___________,” I said humbly. “Is there anything else you would like（20）_____________ to know?” God smiled and said, “Just to know that I am always here.”
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More than 62,000 people in the U．S. alone are waiting to ____ donated hearts，lungs and so on.The number of human donors falls far short of ____.Pig organs are of a(n) ____ size to human organs，and some scientists hope they might be used to help meet the ____.But previous attempts to transplant pig tissue into humans have ____.
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The cultures of the East and the West really distinguish each other a lot. This is because the culture systems are two ______ systems on the whole.
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When the two mother rivers gave birth to the eastern culture, another famous culture was ______ on the Mesopotamian Plain ---- the Mesopotamian Civilization. This civilization later on developed into the cultures of the Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. And these two are well-known ______ the base of the European culture. Like the Chinese culture, the European one also ______ waters. When the colonists of England _____ in America, their culture went with them over the Atlantic Ocean. So the American culture doesn't _______ from the European one a lot.
At the same time, the difference of the language systems _______ the cultural differences. In the East, most languages belong to the pictographic language (see the picture below) while the Western languages are mostly based on the Latin system, for example, the one I’m using to write this paper.
Other factors like human race difference counts as well. But what’s more, ______ the far distance and the steep areas between the East and West, the two cultures seldom communicate until recent centuries. So they grew up totally in their own ways with almost no ______ from the other.
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：完型填空
In 1982, Steven Callahan was crossing the Atlantic alone in his sailboat when it struck something and sank．He got into a life boat, but his supplies were ．His chances of surviving were small． when three fishermen found him 76 days later, he was alive —much than he was when he started, but alive．
His of how he survived is fascinating．His cleverness —how he to catch fish, how he evaporated（蒸發(fā)） sea water to fresh water—is very interesting．
But the thing that my eye was how he managed to keep himself going when all hope seemed lost, and there seemed no in continuing the struggle .He was starved and9 worn-out．Giving up would have seemed the only possible choice．
When people these kinds of circumstances, they do something with their minds that gives them the courage to keep going．Many people in desperate circumstances in or go mad．Something the survivors do with their thoughts helps them find the courage to carry on difficulties．
"I tell myself I can it," wrote Callahan in his book．-Compared to what others have been through, I'm fortunate．I tell myself these things over and over, up courage．．．"
I wrote that down after 1 read it．It me as something important．And I've told myself the same thing when my own goals seemed off or when my problems seemed too terrible．And every time I've said it, I have always come back to my ．
The truth is, our circumstances are only bad to something better．But others have been through the much worse, that is, in comparison with what others have been through, you're fortunate．Tell this to yourself over and over again, and it will help you through the rough situations with a little more courage．
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