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Brazil has become one of the developing world’s great successes at reducing population growth－but more by accident than design．While countries such as India have made joint efforts to reduce birth rates, Brazil has had better result without really trying, says George Martine at Harvard． 

Brazil’s population growth rate has dropped from 2．99% a year between 1951 and 1960 to 1．93% a year between 1981 and 1990, and Brazilian women now have only 2．7 children on average．Martine says this figure may have fallen still further since 1990, an achievement that makes it the envy of many other Third World countries．
  Martine puts it down to, among other things, soap operas （通俗電視連續(xù)�。� and installment （分期付款） plans introduced in the 1970s．both played an important, although indirect, role in lowering, the birth rate．Brazil is one of the world’s biggest producers of soap operas．Globo, Brazil’s most popular television network, shows three hours of soaps six nights a week, while three others show at least one hour a night．Most soaps are based on wealthy characters living the high life in big cities．

“Although they have never really tried to work in a message towards the problems of reproduction, they describe middle and upper class values － not many children, different attitudes towards sex, women working,” says Martine．“They sent this image to all parts of Brazil and made people conscious of other patterns of behavior and other values, which were put into a very attractive package．” 

Meanwhile, the installment plans tried to encourage the poor to become consumers （消費者）．“This led to an enormous change in consumption （消耗、消費） patterns and consumption was incompatible （不相容的） with unlimited reproduction．” Says Martine．

1．According to the passage, Brazil has cut back its population growth ____．

      A．by educating its citizens 　　　　        B．by careful family planning

      C．by developing TV programs 　　　　  D．by chance

2．According to the passage, many Third World countries ______．

      A．haven’t attacked much importance to birth control

      B．would soon join Brazil in controlling their birth rate

      C．haven’t yet found an effective measure to control their population

      D．neglected the role of TV plays in family planning

3．Soap operas have helped in lowering Brazil’s birth rate because ____．

      A．they keep people sitting long hours watching TV

      B．they have gradually changed people’s way of life

      C．people are drawn to their attractive package

      D．they popularize birth control measures

4．What is Martine’s conclusion about Brazil’s population growth?

      A．The increase in birth rate will increase consumption．

      B．The desire for consumption helps to reduce birth rate．

      C．Consumption patterns and reproduction patterns are contradictory （互相矛盾的）

      D．A country’s production is limited by its population growth．

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B
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 Brazil has become one of the developing world’s great successes at reducing population growth, but more by accident than design. While countries such as India have made joint efforts to reduce birth rates, Brazil has had better result without really trying, says George Martine at Harvard.

　　Brazil’s population growth rate has dropped from 2.99% a year between 1951 and 1960 to 1.93% a year between 1981 and 1990, and Brazilian women now have only 2.7 children on average. Martine says this figure may have fallen still further since 1990, an achievement that makes it the envy of many other Third World countries.

　　Martine puts it down to, among other things, soap operas (通俗電視連續(xù)劇) and installment (分期付款) plans introduced in the 1970s. Both played an important, although indirect, role in lowering the birth rate. Brazil is one of the world’s biggest producers of soap operas. Globo, Brazil’s most popular television network, shows three hours of soaps six nights a week, while three others show at least one hour a night. Most soaps are based on wealthy characters living the high life in big cities.

　　“Although they have never really tried to work in a message towards the problems of reproduction, they describe middle and upper class values-not many children, different attitudes towards life, women working,” says Martine. “They sent this image to all parts of Brazil and made people aware of other patterns of behavior and other values, which were put into a very attractive package.”

1.According to the passage, Brazil has cut back its population growth _____.

A．by educating its citizens

B．by careful family planning

C．by developing TV programmes

D．by chance

2.What can you infer from the passage about many Third World countries ?

A．They haven’t attached much importance to birth control.

B．They would soon join Brazil in controlling their birth rate.

C．They haven’t yet found an effective measure to control their population.

D．They neglected the role of TV plays in family planning

3.Soap operas have helped in lowering Brazil’s birth rate because ______.

A．they keep people sitting long hours watching TV

B．they have gradually changed people’s way of life

C．people are drawn to their attractive package

D．they popularize birth control measures

 

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B

Brazil is a federation that consists of twenty-six states and one federal district. The biggest majority of Brazil’s population belongs to the Christian religion and almost all of them are Catholics. This is something Brazil inherited(繼承) being Portugal’s colony(殖民地).

Historically, the country was a colony claimed by people from Portugal and this made Portuguese the official language. The Portuguese reached Brazil in 1500 and until that moment it was inhabited by semi-nomadic(半游牧的) people. The Portuguese changed Brazil into a country of slaves until 1800, when Maria I of Portugal came to live to Brazil. The Queen did not stay long in Brazil, but during the 20 years of royal presence a lot of changes occurred: commercial ports to United Kingdom were opened; Brazil stopped being isolated(孤立) from other countries. So at the moment of getting the independence on the 7th of September, 1822, Brazil already had the potential to develop. The Brazilian Empire, Pedro I, abolished slavery in 1888 in the face of Princess Isabel. A lot of European people started coming to Brazil and the industry of the country started working. In the 19th and the 20th century as it has been said above foreign people immigrated(移民) to Brazil and basically 5 million European and Japanese people became the residents of Brazil. The beginning of the 20th century was especially marked by the immigration of a lot of Asian people: Japanese, Korean and Chinese immigrants. As a matter of fact Japanese people do not immigrate a lot, and the fact that the Brazilian-Japanese people are the largest Japanese minority in the world does astonish greatly.

The majority of the cultural inherits of Brazil are actually Portuguese, due to the fact that Brazil was Portugal’s colony for a very long time. The southern states mainly consist of European population and the north and the northeast consist of a mixed population including Africans, Amerindians and Europeans. Most of this population is Roman Catholic. No other country in the world has the same amount of Catholics. The modern tendency of Brazil is the growing number of people calling themselves Protestants. Around 7.4% of the population don’t believe any god. Some Brazilians, especially in the northern states are mixed Africans who prefer following the traditional African religions. Only 1.8% of the population chose Buddhism, Islam or Judaism.

Though Brazil always tried to maintain democracy, it was failed several times by the dictatorship（獨裁） of Getulo Vargas. This fact could not affect the political situation in the country.

61. Brazil was ruled by Portuguese about ______.

A. 22 years        B. 300 years      C. 322 years       D. 328 years

62.Who might block the development of Brazil?

A. Maria I     B. Pedro I     C. immigrants    D. Getulo Vargas

63. The writer mainly tells us the ______ of Brazil in the passage.

A. religion     B. history     C. culture    D. political situation

64．Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Brazil was isolated from other countries when Maria I stayed there.

B. The industry of the country started working in 1888.

C. Brazil has the largest population of Catholics in the world.

D. Some people in Brazil don’t believe any god.

65. It can be inferred that Brazil is a country with ________.

A. western culture B. modern culture   C. traditional culture   D. mixed culture

 

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