Changing science?

Three Shanghai high school students may have recently overturned （推翻）a scientific theory found in many books.After four months of work they say the well?known Mpemba effect（姆潘巴現(xiàn)象）does not exist.?

Scientists are now checking to see if their discovery is real.The Mpemba effect says that hot water freezes faster than cold water.?

Ye Shasha is a Senior 3 student at Shanghai Xiangming Middle School.She first learned about the Mpemba effect from the book，100 000 Scientific Facts when she was in primary school.“I found it hard to understand but never doubted it.But our experiments show this phenomenon can never happen，”Ye said.?

Last year，an article about the Mpemba effect took first prize in a Shanghai science competition.But Huang Zengxin，a 57－year－old physics teacher in the school，found that the author made some mistakes while reasoning that hot water only freezes faster than cold water under certain conditions.?

Last November，he discussed his ideas with his students，Ye and Senior 2 Yu Shunxi who were very interested in the issue.?

　　They decided to do some serious research into the matter.To support their experiments，the school bought them advanced equipment.?

“I read a lot about the Mpemba effect.But，most explanations，either for or against，are usually based on guesswork（猜測(cè)）.We just wanted to let detailed experimental data （數(shù)據(jù)） do the talking，”said Huang.?

　　Dong Jiawen，a Senior 2 from Shanghai High School，joined the team.She spent all her weekends and all winter holidays working on the project.?

“I have learnt so much from carrying out over 100 experiments，”Dong said.“Most importantly，I've realized that you have to do something yourself in order to find out the truth.Books only serve as a kind of reference（參考）.”?

“The three girls have developed a matter of fact attitude to daily phenomena in the process of examining this effect，”said Huang proudly.?

The Mpemba Effect?

The Mpemba effect says that hot water freezes faster than cold water.The discovery was made by a high school student named Mpemba，in Tanzania（坦桑尼亞），Africa in 1969.He noticed the phenomenon while making ice cream.His teachers did not believe it was possible，and it took several years until university professors finally accepted his discovery.The phenomenon is extremely confusing and surprising even to most scientists. But it has been seen as real and studied in plenty of experiments.?

1.Ye Shasha　　 .?

A.is a Senior 3 student from Shanghai High School?

B.doubted about the Mpemba effect when she was in primary school?

C.is one of the three girls who did the experiment?

D.is a very famous scientist of China?

2.Huang Zengxin　　 .?

A.was given first prize for an article about the Mpemba effect?

B.is a physics teacher at Shanghai Xiangming Middle School?

C.discussed his ideas about this issue with his students this year?

D.is a famous physics scientist in Beijing?

3.The school　　 .?

A.organized the science competition?

B.found three students to do the experiments?

C.bought advanced equipment to help them?

D.held a meeting to discuss this discovery
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科目：高中英語 來源：河北省保定一中2009-2010學(xué)年度高二下學(xué)期第一次階段考試 題型：閱讀理解


第二部分閱讀理解（共分兩節(jié),滿分45分）
閱讀理解（共20小題；每小題2分，滿分40分）
閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)A、B、C、D中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。
A
Have you ever heard the story of the four-minute miles? Many years ago, people believed that it was impossible for a human being to run a mile in less than four minutes until Roger Banister proved it wrong in 1954.
What happens if you put an animal in a pond? Any animal, big or small, will swim its way through. What happens when someone, who doesn’t know how to swim, falls in deep waters? They drown. If an animal who has not learnt swimming could escape by swimming, why not you? Because you believe you will drown while the animal doesn’t.
Have you ever wondered why the letters are organized in a particular order on your keyboard? You might have thought it is to increase the typing speed. Most people never question it. But the fact is that this system was developed to reduce the typing speed at a time when typewriter parts would jam (堵塞) if the operator typed too fast.
These three cases show the power of our beliefs. There is no other more powerful directing force in human behavior than belief. Your beliefs have the power to create and to destroy. A belief delivers command to your nervous system.
I used a snake in my workshops for children to show them how unrealistic some of their beliefs are. Students of a school in India, said snakes are smooth and poisonous. After doing an exercise for changing beliefs, they handled my snake and found it to be dry and clean. They also remembered that only three types of poisonous snakes exist in India.
Did this story end the way you thought? Review your beliefs now and find out which ones you need to change.
41. In author’s opinion, if a person in deep water doesn’t know how to swim, he will drown because ______.
A. he is afraid of water.                          B. he hasn’t learnt to swim before.
C. he believes he will drown.                         D. he don’t want to live in the world.
42. The author thinks that the letters organized in a particular order on your keyboard in order to ________.
A. save more space                           B. satisfy the operator
C. increase one’s typing speed                  D. reduce one’s typing speed
43. The author’s experiment shows that ________.
A. snakes can be caught easily                 B. snakes are dry and clean
C. snakes are smooth and poisonous                    D. snakes in India aren’t poisonous
44. The main idea of this passage should be that ________.
A. beliefs are very powerful.                            B. beliefs make us seem stupid
C. changing your beliefs now is necessary           D. people should always believe in themselves.

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科目：高中英語 來源：2012-2013學(xué)年江西上饒中學(xué)高一第一次月考零班實(shí)驗(yàn)班英語試卷（帶解析） 題型：閱讀理解


“Colour” and “color”, “favourite” and “favorite”···Have you ever wondered why Americans spell those words without a “u”? Is it because they are lazy?
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Webster wasn’t shy about expressing his opinions. In defining（定義） preposterous, he wrote: “A republican government in the hands of females is preposterous.”
Webster spent 28 years on the project before completing the 70,000-word dictionary in 1828 with his American-style spellings. He also added local words. His dictionary was widely used in schools. Linguists believed it helped a new nation achieve unity and cultural independence at a time when most were focused on political freedom.
“He was the shaper of our language and the shaper of American identity,” said Joshua Kendall, who is working on a biography（傳記） about Webster. “He at last bonded（聯(lián)合） us through our language.”
【小題1】          According to the passage, when he worked on his dictionary, Noah Webster did all of the following EXCEPT______.

A．dropping “u” in all the British words
B．changing “centre” into “center”
C．a(chǎn)dding local words
D．expressing his opinion.
【小題2】          When did Noah Webster probably begin his project of the dictionary?
A．In 1758B．In 1783C．In 1800D．In 1828
【小題3】          Why did Noah Webster create these differences in his dictionary?
A．Because he wanted to make English simple and easy.
B．Because he wanted American English to have it own characteristics（特征）.
C．Because he wanted to make American English the best in the world.
D．Because he wanted to show that the USA is stronger than the UK.
【小題4】          Which of the following word can best describe Noah Webster’s work?
A．InterestingB．BoringC．UnfinishedD．Meaningful
【小題5】          Which of the following would probably be the best title for the passage?
A．Webster
B．American identity
C．The shaper of American English
D．Spelling difference between American and British English.

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科目：高中英語 來源：2012-2013學(xué)年江西省贛州市厚德外國(guó)語學(xué)校高一12月月考英語試卷（帶解析） 題型：閱讀理解

"Colour" and "color"，"favourite" and "favorite"... Have you ever wondered why Americans spell those words without a "u"? Is it because they are lazy?
Of course not. In fact，the difference in spelling was created by Noah Webster (1758-1843). He is a teacher who reformed English to make American identity stronger. Linguists (語言學(xué)家) celebrated his 250th birthday on October 16. After the Revolutionary War (1775~ 1783)，Webster believed that Americans should have their own dictionary，rather than rely on British versions (版本). He dropped the British "u" in some words. And he changed "centre" into "center" for children to learn English by spelling words more like they sounded.
Webster wasn't shy about expressing his opinions. In defining (定義) preposterous (unreasonable)，he wrote: "A republican government in the hands of females is preposterous."
Webster spent 28 years on the project before completing the 70,000-word dictionary in 1828 with his American-style spellings. He also added local words. His dictionary was widely used in schools. Linguists believed it helped a new nation achieve unity and cultural independence at a time when most were focused on political freedom.
"He was the shaper of our language and the shaper of American identity，"said Joshua Kendall，who is working on a biography (傳記) about Webster. "He at last bonded (聯(lián)合)us through our language."
【小題1】Which of the following would probably be the best title for the passage?

A．The shaper of American English.
B．American identity.
C．Webster's dictionary.
D．Spelling differences between American and British English.
【小題2】According to the passage，when he worked on his dictionary, Noah Webster did all of the following EXCEPT        .
A．voicing his opinion B．changing "centre" into "center"
C．a(chǎn)dding local words D．dropping "u" in all the British words
【小題3】Which of the following word can best describe Noah Webster’s work?
A．Interesting. B．Meaningful. C．Unfinished. D．Boring.
【小題4】Why did Noah Webster create these differences in his dictionary?
A．Because he wanted to make English simple and easy.
B．Because he wanted to show that the USA is stronger than the UK.
C．Because he wanted to achieve political freedom.
D．Because he wanted American English to have its own characteristics.
【小題5】When did Noah Webster probably begin his project of the dictionary?
A．In 1758. B．In 1783. C．In 1800.D．In 1828.

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科目：高中英語 來源：2010—2011學(xué)年度福建省廈門六中高二下學(xué)期期中考試英語卷 題型：閱讀理解

Send us your old jeans and other denim (牛仔布)!
What Are We Going to Do with All This Denim?
All the denim will be donated to COTTON FROM BLUE TO GREEN.®. This denim drive is a call-to-action to donate denim and give it "new life" by changing it into UltraTouchtm Natural Cotton Fiber Insulation (纖維隔熱材料), which is used to help build houses in places that have been damaged by hurricanes, tornadoes, and other natural disasters. Your jeans will help set a record, keep clothes out of landfills (垃圾場(chǎng)), and build houses for families to live in! UltraTouchtm is made of 85% recycled fibers and is an environmentally safe, natural cotton fiber insolation(隔離).
It's a Fact
It takes about 500 pairs of jeans to recycle enough denim to insulate one average-size U.S. house. So send us lots!
Here's How You Can Get Involved!
1. Get a parent's permission and select as many denim clothes as you like. (Any denim clothing is OK.)   
2. The denim must be used.
3. The denim can be any brand.
4. The denim can be of any color or size but must have been worn by a human (no doll clothes!).
5. Please print out this form and include it with each package!
6. Send as many jeans or denim items as you wish to:
NG Kids P.O. Box 98001 Washington, D.C. 20090-8001
Jeans must be received by June 30, 2009!
【小題1】 The activity organizer asks you to send denim clothes to ________.

A．turn them into new clothes for saleB．prevent them from being thrown away
C．provide clothes for the homelessD．collect old clothes for being reused
【小題2】 The denim clothes that you intend to send_______.
A. can be of any shape or color       B. can be either new or second-hand 
C. must be a certain brand            D. Can be worn by dolls
【小題3】We can infer that UltraTouchtm may be the name of_________.
A．a(chǎn) brand of jeansB．a(chǎn) building materialC．a(chǎn)n organizationD．a(chǎn) kind of cloth
【小題4】This activity is probably ________
A．a(chǎn) charity(慈善) actB．a(chǎn) school's homework
C．a(chǎn)n environmental actD．a(chǎn) building company' s task

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科目：高中英語 來源：2012-2013學(xué)年上海市七校高二5月階段檢測(cè)英語卷（帶解析） 題型：閱讀理解

People are being lured (引誘)onto Facebook with the promise of a fun, free service without realizing they’re paying for it by giving up large amounts of personal information. Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data to advertisers that want to send targeted messages.
　　Most Facebook users don’t realize this is happening. Even if they know what the company is up to, they still have no idea what they’re paying for Facebook because people don’t really know what their personal data is worth.
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　　The privacy issue has already landed Facebook in hot water in Washington. In April. Senator Charles Schumer called on Facebook to change its privacy policy. He also urged the Federal Trade Commission to set guidelines for social-networking sites.“I think the senator rightly communicated that we had not been clear about what the new products were and how people could choose to use them or not to use them,” Schrage admits.
I suspect that whatever Facebook has done so far to invade our privacy, it’s only the beginning, which is why I’m considering deactivating(撤銷)my account. Facebook is a handy site, but I’m upset by the idea that my information is in the hands of people I don’t know. That’s too high a price to pay.
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D．It provides loads of information to its users.
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D．They care very little about their personal information.
【小題3】Why does Senator Charles Schumer propose?
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D．Removing ads from all social-networking sites.
【小題4】Why does the author plan to cancel his Facebook account?
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