Getting kids to share their toys is a never-ending battle, and forcing them to do so never seems to help. New research suggests that allowing children to make a choice to sacrifice their own toys in order to share with someone else makes them share more in the future. The new findings are published in Psychological Science.
These experiments were conducted by psychological scientists, Nadia Chernyak and Tamar Kushnir of Cornell University. They found that sharing things with others when they are given a difficult choice leads children to think of themselves as people who like to share. It also makes them more likely to act in a pro-social (親社會的)manner in the future.
Previous research has explained why rewarding children for sharing can backfire. Children come to think of themselves as people who don't like to share since they had to be rewarded for doing so. Because they don't view themselves as "sharers", they are less likely to share in the future.
Chernyak and Kushnir were interested in finding out whether freely chosen sacrifice might have the opposite effect on kids' willingness to share. To test this, the researchers introduced five-year-old children to Doggie, a sad puppet. Some of the children were given a difficult choice: Share a precious sticker(貼紙) with Doggie, or keep it for themselves. Other children were given an easy choice between sharing and putting the sticker away, while children in a third group were required by the researcher to share.
Later on, all the children were introduced to Ellie, another sad puppet. They were given the option of how many stickers to share (up to three). The kids who earlier made the difficult choice to help Doggie shared more stickers with Ellie. The children who were initially faced with an easy choice or who were required to give their sticker to Doggie, on the other hand, shared fewer stickers with Ellie. Therefore, children did not benefit from simply giving something up, but rather from willingly choosing to give something up of value.
“You might imagine that making difficult, costly choices is demanding for young children or even that once children share, they don’t feel the need to do so again,” Chernyak says. “But this wasn't the case: once children made a difficult decision to give up something for someone else, they were more generous, not less, later on.” Chernyak concludes.
1._______ helps children to share more in the future.
A. Rewarding children for sharing
B. Forcing children to share
C. Allowing children to share precious things willingly
D. Allowing children to share what they don’t need
2.The underlined word “backfire” means _______.
A. have an opposite effect B. serve as a push
C. cause anger D. avoid taking things back
3.Those who were required to share give fewer stickers to Ellie because _______.
A. they regret what they did B. it’s not their own choice
C. Ellie is not as sad as Doggie D. they like to share with a real person
4.We can conclude from the passage that _______.
A. parents will never find a way to get children to share toys
B. a gift should be given to make up for children’s sacrifice
C. children pretend to be generous when they are being observed
D. making difficult choices may influence sharing behavior
1.C
2.A
3.B
4.D
【解析】
試題分析:文章介紹了兒童分享事物的心理科學。有研究表明孩子做出艱難選擇會對他們的分享行為有影響,他們可能會變的慷概。
1.推理題:根據(jù)文章第一段中“New research suggests that allowing children to make a choice to sacrifice their own toys in order to share with someone else makes them share more in the future. ”新研究表明,讓孩子選擇犧牲自己的玩具與別人分享可讓他們在未來分享更多東西。由此可知培養(yǎng)孩子分享意愿對孩子將來分享更多東西是有幫助的。故選C。
2.推理題:backfire是“產(chǎn)生出乎意料及事與愿違的結(jié)果”的意思。A.have an opposite effect有反作用;B.serve as a push作為一種推動;C.cause anger導致某人輕微憤怒;D. Avoid taking things back避免拿回東西。只有A想符合劃線詞義。故選A。
3.細節(jié)題:根據(jù)第五段中“The children who were initially faced with an easy choice or who were required to give their sticker to Doggie, on the other hand, shared fewer stickers with Ellie ”最初孩子們面臨著一個簡單的選擇或著被要求把他們的貼紙給小狗,要么與艾莉分享更少的貼紙。由此可知這是被要求的。故選B。
4.主旨題:根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知文章表明孩子做出艱難選擇會對他們的分享行為有影響,他們可能會變的慷概。故選D。
考點:考查科學研究類閱讀
科目:高中英語 來源:2012-2013學年安徽省屯溪一中高二下學期期中考試英語試卷(帶解析) 題型:閱讀理解
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The distinction was previously held by another pop heavyweight, Justin Bieber, whose song ‘Baby’ had a little more than 804 million views at press time. PSY made the announcement on his Twitter page earlier today.
Since its release, the song has defeated such other popular videos as Jennifer Lopez’s ‘On the Floor’ and Eminem's ‘Love the Way You Lie’. And in September, 'Gangnam Style' also became the most liked video on YouTube, now with nearly 5.4 million thumbs up.
At the time of the announcement, the Guinness Book of World Records released a statement saying: “In years past it was unthinkable that something would be viewed a hundred million times, and now Gangnam Style has achieved more than twice this figure in just three months on YouTube. PSY, your certificate is waiting here at our office, come pick it up any time!”
Despite its massive popularity, the video shows no signs of slowing down, and it even has a shot at becoming the first video to get more than one billion views.
If it maintains its current rate of around six million new views per day, ‘Gangnam Style’ would be in line to break that record by the end of the year.
The YouTube honors are just the latest in a long list that shows just how popular the song has become. Since it was released in July, the song has seen a meteoric rise through the music industry.
It has found its way to the tops of music charts in more than 30 countries, including the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Spain and Canada, while providing material for thousands of parody(惡搞)videos.
It became part of the 2012 presidential elections with the now famous ‘Mitt Romney Style’ video and was even used by the North Korean government in propaganda films promoting their supreme leader.
Meanwhile, such influential figures as President Obama, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and Google Executive Chairman Eric Schmidt have all made mention of the hit song.
【小題1】This passage mainly talks about a world famous________.
A. music chart B. video website
C. music video C. Korean pop singer
【小題2】Which of the following about “Gangnam Style” is NOT true according to the passage?
A.“Gangnam Style” has defeated Justin Bieber’s “Baby” on You Tube’s views. |
B.“Gangnam Style” has been the favorite to at least 5.4 million people. |
C.“Gangnam Style” has been recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records. |
D.“Gangnam Style” has been the first to get more than 1 billion views. |
A.The influence of “Gangnam Style” has spread far and wide |
B.Obama won the presidential election partly because of the ‘Mitt Romney Style’ video. |
C.Despite its massive popularity, the fever of “Gangnam Style” has decreased. |
D.PSY will become one of the greatest musicians due to the popularity of “Gangnam Style”. |
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科目:高中英語 來源:2014屆安徽省高二下學期期中考試英語試卷(解析版) 題型:閱讀理解
The popular song ‘Gangnam Style’ from South Korean recording artist PSY has just become the most watched video on YouTube ever, getting more than 808 million views on the popular media site.
The distinction was previously held by another pop heavyweight, Justin Bieber, whose song ‘Baby’ had a little more than 804 million views at press time. PSY made the announcement on his Twitter page earlier today.
Since its release, the song has defeated such other popular videos as Jennifer Lopez’s ‘On the Floor’ and Eminem's ‘Love the Way You Lie’. And in September, 'Gangnam Style' also became the most liked video on YouTube, now with nearly 5.4 million thumbs up.
At the time of the announcement, the Guinness Book of World Records released a statement saying: “In years past it was unthinkable that something would be viewed a hundred million times, and now Gangnam Style has achieved more than twice this figure in just three months on YouTube. PSY, your certificate is waiting here at our office, come pick it up any time!”
Despite its massive popularity, the video shows no signs of slowing down, and it even has a shot at becoming the first video to get more than one billion views.
If it maintains its current rate of around six million new views per day, ‘Gangnam Style’ would be in line to break that record by the end of the year.
The YouTube honors are just the latest in a long list that shows just how popular the song has become. Since it was released in July, the song has seen a meteoric rise through the music industry.
It has found its way to the tops of music charts in more than 30 countries, including the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Spain and Canada, while providing material for thousands of parody(惡搞)videos.
It became part of the 2012 presidential elections with the now famous ‘Mitt Romney Style’ video and was even used by the North Korean government in propaganda films promoting their supreme leader.
Meanwhile, such influential figures as President Obama, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and Google Executive Chairman Eric Schmidt have all made mention of the hit song.
1.This passage mainly talks about a world famous________.
A. music chart B. video website
C. music video C. Korean pop singer
2.Which of the following about “Gangnam Style” is NOT true according to the passage?
A.“Gangnam Style” has defeated Justin Bieber’s “Baby” on You Tube’s views.
B.“Gangnam Style” has been the favorite to at least 5.4 million people.
C.“Gangnam Style” has been recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records.
D.“Gangnam Style” has been the first to get more than 1 billion views.
3.What can we infer from this passage?
A.The influence of “Gangnam Style” has spread far and wide
B.Obama won the presidential election partly because of the ‘Mitt Romney Style’ video.
C.Despite its massive popularity, the fever of “Gangnam Style” has decreased.
D.PSY will become one of the greatest musicians due to the popularity of “Gangnam Style”.
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科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:閱讀理解
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