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“Four Tigers” Ceremony of the Tu Minority

Heigouding Village, Ledu County in the west of Qinghai province is a place where many people of the Tu minority have lived for centuries. As the little village is comparatively closed to the outside world, a custom called “Four Tigers” was created 200 years ago to protect its inhabitants(棲息地) from sickness and bad luck.

Every year the ceremony is held on the eve of January 15th according to the Chinese lunar calendar to frighten off ghosts and evil souls, and to pray for peace.

Normally four local villagers are selected to be the “tigers” in the ceremony. At first, they gathered with village elders at the mountain-god temple to offer sacrifices of wine, food and incense, and to ask the god to help the tigers. Then the tigers were adorned with herbs, candles and two batches of incense to serve as the tiger’s ears. Two red ribbons held in their mouths represented the tiger’s tongue. The “Tigers” drank wine, knelt and kowtowed to the mountain god before they received Hada, a kind of white silk scarf representing respects and good luck, from the village head with firecrackers crackling.

As night fell, the candles on the tigers’ bodies were lit and the tigers began their visits to one household after another. Villagers followed, shouting “Tigers are coming!” The elder from each household welcomed the tigers at the gate, while the rest of the family knelt down in the courtyard. Firecrackers were set off, a toast made and candies, meat and wine were presented to the villagers following the tigers. After twirling (快速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng))in three circles in the courtyard while those present kowtowed and prayed, the tigers went through every corner of every room to drive away any hiding ghosts. If there was a sick person in the house, the tigers jumped around him or her, scratched their body and said lucky words to drive away diseases and ghosts. After the ceremony, the family would present wine and food to the tigers. Then, shouting “The tigers are leaving!” the whole family saw them off.

After visiting all 30 or 40 households, the herbs were removed from the tigers and burned, to indicate that all the ghosts had been conquered. Then the villagers knelt and kowtowed with the sound of firecrackers, marking the end of the ceremony.

The tiger image exists in other minority groups, also. In ancient times, people entrusted their happiness to gods. The “four tigers” ceremony is vividly held in memory of ancient times and a living fossil for academics studying the lives of ancient people. As it is not popular nowadays, this cultural heritage is on the edge of extinction and needs to be rescued.

71. Procedure/Course/Steps  72. drive/frighten  73. pray  74. avoid/prevent   75. chosen/selected  76. tigers  77.burned/burnt  78.kneel  79. vivid  80.study

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：江蘇省2009-2010學(xué)年高一下學(xué)期5月質(zhì)量調(diào)研試題（英語(yǔ)） 題型：閱讀理解

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注意：每空一詞。

Boys do worse in English when there are girls in their class, a research student said. This finding disagrees with the widely held belief that girls always have a good influence on boys in school.

Boys do best with as few girls as possible in English lessons at primary and secondary schools, Steven Proud, a research student at Bristol University, told the Royal Economic Society’s conference.

But when it comes to math and science, both boys and girls at primary schools achieve up to a tenth of a grade higher when there is a greater percentage of girls in the class, Proud found.

Proud kept a record of boys’ and girls’ test results at the ages of 7, 11, and 16 in 16,000 schools in England. He studied the test scores to see whether the percentage of girls made a difference to the results of both boys and girls in math, science and English.

Boys always perform worse when the number of girls they study English with increases, which is especially the case at primary schools. Proud also found that girls are unaffected by the number of boys in their English class.

Proud said boys may do worse in English when there is high proportion of girls in their class because they think that the girls are better than them. It could also be that teachers use teaching styles more appropriate to girls when there more girls than boys in the class.

Proud argues that his results show boys should be taught English in single—sex classes.

However, Professor Alan Smithers, director of the Centre for Education and Employment Research at the University of Buckingham, said, “Boys may be discouraged by how well girls are doing in English, but you can’t say that it means boys and girls should be separated. It has very little practical importance to schools.”

Theme

Boys may do ___71____ in English in a class with a higher percentage of girls.

Widely held

_____72_____

Girls always have a good influence on boys in school.

Proud’s _____73_______

when there are more girls

both boys and girls at primary schools perform better in math and _____74_____.

when the number of girls ____75_______.

boys perform worse in English

When the number of boys changes

Girls are ___76____ in an English class.

Possible ____77____.

Boys think that the girls are better than them.

Teachers use ____78____ styles more appropriate to girls.

Proud’s suggestion

Boys and girls should be taught English in ___79_____ classes.

Alan’s opinion

Don’t ________ the boys and girls.

  

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：江蘇省2010屆高三下學(xué)期第一次模擬考試試題（英語(yǔ)） 題型：其他題

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In addition to self-awareness, imagination, and conscience, it is the fourth quality — independent will — that really makes effective self-management possible. It is the ability to make decisions and choices and to act in agreement with them. It is the ability to act rather than to be acted upon, to actively carry out the program we have developed through the other three qualities.

The human will is an amazing thing. Time after time, it has overcome unbelievable difficulties. The Helen Kellers of this world give dramatic(給人深刻印象的) evidence to the value, the power of the independent will.

But as we examine this quality in the context of effective self-management, we realize it’s usually not the dramatic, the visible, the once-in-a-lifetime, up-by-the-bootstraps(自立自強(qiáng)的) effort that brings lasting success. This special ability comes from learning how to use this great quality in the decisions we make every day.

The degree to which we have developed our independent will in our everyday lives is measured by our personal honesty. Honesty is, fundamentally, the value we place on ourselves. It’s our ability to make and keep promises to ourselves, to “walk our talk.”

Effective management is putting first things first. While leadership decides what “first things” are, it is management that puts them first, day-by-day, moment-by-moment. Management is discipline (training to be self-controlled), carrying it out.

Discipline obtains from belief—belief in a set of values, belief in an overriding(最主要的) purpose, to a long-term or short term goal that must be carried out.

In other words, if you are an effective manager of yourself, your discipline comes from within; it is a function of your independent will. You are a follower of your own deep values and their source. And you have the will, the quality to control your feelings and moods rather than depend on others or have your work half done.

Title

The power of independent will

Theme

Independent will makes self-management (71)       .

Reasons

·The example given to (72)        power of independent will is amazing.

·Power of independent will helps to make one’s (73)       every day.

·(74)       is very important to develop our independent will.

·It’s our ability to have our promises made and (75)       .

Suggestions

·Effective managers should know (76)      should be done first.

·Effective managers with discipline should (77)        to their  promises.

(78)     

·You (79)        your deep values.

·Your feelings and moods are able to be (80)       .

 

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：江蘇省南通市通州區(qū)2010屆高三考前回歸課本檢測(cè)英語(yǔ)試題 題型：任務(wù)型閱讀

 

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The number of young Internet addicts had grown to 24 million by 2009, almost double the figure for 2005, as the nation’s Internet population continues to rise, a survey shows. The addicts accounted for one in seven young Internet users, according to the survey.

“The survey results highlight the worrying situation of the ever-growing number of young Internet addicts,” Hao Xianghong, secretary-general of the China Youth Association for Network Development (CYAND), said yesterday at a press conference to release the results.

The findings come against the background of an increasing number of children and young adults receiving controversial re-education or treatment to fight Internet addiction at rehabilitation （康復(fù)）schools, camps and clinics dotted across the country.

Last year, governments at all levels sprung into action, closing down cyber cafes and announcing plans to install filtering software on every computer.

The nation’s Internet population, already the world’s largest, rose nearly 30 percent in 2009 to 384 million, of which one in three was younger than 19, according to the China Internet Network Information Center.

The new survey of more than 7,000 people aged 6 to 29 in 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions was conducted from last September to January. It has been conducted every two years since 2005 by CYAND.

As many as 15.6 percent of netizens aged 18 to 23 were Internet addicts, accounting for the largest percentage compared with other age groups, while 8.8 percent of Internet users aged 6 to 12 were web addicts, the lowest percentage, according to the survey.

“Compared with 2005, the number of Internet addicts aged 18 to 23 has increased, while addicts in the 6-12 age group have decreased. It shows that the years of efforts by the authorities to prevent children from getting hooked are effective,” Hao said, “But it also shows us that more needs to be done for helping addicts aged 18 to 23, who are mainly students,” he said.

Although there is no universal standard on Internet addiction, web users are defined as Internet addicts if school grades, careers or interpersonal relationships in real life are affected by overuse of the Internet, according to Ke Huixin, director and professor of the survey and statistics institute of Communication University of China, who also headed the survey.

Those defined as addicts should also meet at least one of three requirements: He or she always wants to use the Internet; feels annoyed or depressed if denied Internet use; or feels happier in the cyber, rather than the real world.

“As one of the few nationwide surveys, it is expected to comprehensively reflect the true picture of Internet addiction among Chinese youths,” said Ke.

 

 

Young Web Addicts Increase in China

China’s general situation of netizen population

The nation’s Internet population continues to rise.

(71)  ▲  it was already the world’s largest, it rose nearly 30% in 2009, of which one third were younger than 19.

(72) ▲ of a survey

The number of young Internet addicts was almost (73) ▲    larger than that in 2005.

The addicts (74)  ▲  up one seventh of young Internet users.

The 18-23 age group account for the largest percentage of the addicts, while the 6-12 age group the lowest.

(75) ▲ taken to fight Internet addiction

Children and young adults fight Internet addiction by receiving reeducation or (76)  ▲  at different institutions.

Closing down cyber cafes and planning to install filtering software on every computer

Definition of Internet addiction

No universal (77)  ▲ 

Three requirements at least:

The person has a strong (78)  ▲  for computer use; feels annoyed or depressed if denied computer use; feels happier in the virtual world than in the real world.

Conclusion drawn

from the survey

Efforts by the authorities have (79)  ▲  off.

More (80)  ▲  should be paid to helping addicts aged 18 to 23.

 

 

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：江蘇省三校2010屆高三下學(xué)期5月聯(lián)考英語(yǔ)試卷 題型：任務(wù)型閱讀

 

第II卷 非選擇題 (兩部分，共35分)

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Do we need an “Ivy League”?

China may soon have its own “Ivy League”, with a union of top universities.

The term originally referred to an athletic conference of eight top universities in the northeastern US. The Chinese version, which was officially started in mid-October, consists of nine famous universities, including Peking, Tsinghua, Zhejiang and Fudan. The union is supposed to result in student exchange programs, recognition of academic achievements, and other joint programs.

The news of this Chinese “Ivy League” has received mixed responses from the public and press. Some negative critics have dismissed it as yet another example of the wishful copying of international practices without fully understanding them. Others say that the “Ivy League” is not necessary but that the union is a good idea, one that could promote academic development.

So what’s your opinion on a Chinese “Ivy League”? Do we need one?

Yes. Ivy League or not, nine of China’s best universities cooperating is a good thing.

These universities combining resources could create a better environment for students and for research. It could also save a lot of time and resources because it would mean fewer unnecessary investments for some of the universities.

Allowing students to move to or have exchanges with other universities could broaden their horizons, improve their social skills and create more employment opportunities. The results could be more important than lessons and achievements.

The term “Ivy League” carries a sense of academic excellence, tradition and reputation. If borrowing such a term could encourage students’ and professors’ mental state and improve Chinese higher education, then there’s no reason not to do it.

No. Universities should do some work on increasing cooperation instead of copying an “Ivy League” model.

Many Chinese universities already have such cooperation with each other. If this cooperation were associated with the “Ivy League”, it would just distract (分散) attention and resources and have a negative effect.

These Chinese universities are all state-run and most get their funding from the government. They’re quite similar to each other in many ways and more cooperation wouldn’t bring about as much potential ability as between , say, public and private, or Chinese and foreign universities.

China should find its own way to develop world-class universities instead of by copying some foreign practices. We have our own unique conditions and foreign lessons often don’t apply well here.

 

 

Ivy in America

Originally referred to an athletic conference of eight famous universities in the   71   of America

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ivy in China

Member universities

Nine famous universities

 

 

Purposes of the union

* To exchange students

* To   72   the academic achievements

* To work on joint programs

 

 

 

  73   from the public

 

 

Positive side

1. The cooperation is good for the   75   of resources and creation of a better environment.

2. Students will have   76   difficulty finding jobs through the student-exchange program.

3. The cooperation will encourage students and professors   77  .

 

 

­­  74   side

1. Attention will be drawn away and   78   will be divided.

2. The cooperation won’t have great effect because of their   79   in running universities.

3. China should develop world-class universities in its unique way without   80   foreign practices blindly.

 

 

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：云南省09-10學(xué)年高一下學(xué)期期中考試試題（英語(yǔ)） 題型：任務(wù)型閱讀

 

 

第II卷 非選擇題 （兩部分，共35分）

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Wealthy Chinese do not have a good reputation（=fame）, a survey by China Youth Daily and Sina.com has found.

The poll（民意調(diào)查）, conducted last week, showed about 70 percent of 3,990 interviewees believe the well-off are immoral and not worthy of respect. Only 4 percent thought rich people are good, the survey said.

For the rich, to become popular, they need to do three things, the survey suggested.

First, they need to have a sense of social responsibility. Second, they need to be self -disciplined, and third, they need to have a caring heart.

The number of people who make at least $50,000 a year increases by 15 percent a year and, according to the China Economic Times, the country now has 1.5 million rich people.

The China Youth Daily and Sina.com survey found interviewees questioned how the rich became rich in the first place.

        “Some rich people are thought to have accumulated（積累） their wealth through illegal means, such as bribery,” said a post-graduate student at the Communication University of China.

     Even so, the survey found wealthy people who abide by（遵守） the law, have a sense of social responsibility and a caring heart, are respected.

     The poll showed about 60 percent thought these kinds of wealthy people were worthy of respect.

     The survey suggested many voters were much better disposed（懷有好感的）toward rich people from Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Western economies——rather than the mainland.

       Hong Kong property tycoon（大亨） Li Ka-shing was most highly regarded, followed by Bill Gates, mainland property tycoon Wang Shi and basketball player Yao Ming.

       “Rich people on the mainland invest too little in charity and gain too much,” a student from Beijing Sports University said.

       Yu Guoming, a professor at Renmin University of China, called on the heads of Chinese companies to think and invest in a long-term way. “Social responsibility is not only about charity, it also connects the company with the government and the public.”

        

 

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