Winter begins in the north on December 22nd. People and animals have been doing what they always do to prepare for the colder months. Squirrels (松鼠), for example, have been busy gathering nuts from trees. Well, scientists have been busy gathering information about what the squirrels do with the food they collect.
They examined differences between red squirrels and gray squirrels in the American state of Indiana. The scientists wanted to know how these differences could affect the growth of black walnut (黑胡桃) trees. The black walnut is the nut of choice for both kinds of squirrels. The black walnut tree is also a central part of some hardwood forests.
Rob Swihart of Purdue University did the study with Jake Goheen, a former Purdue student now at the University of New Mexico. The two researchers estimate that several times as many walnuts grow when gathered by gray squirrels as compared to red squirrels. Gray squirrels and red squirrels do not store nuts and seeds in the same way. Gray squirrels bury nuts one at a time in a number of places. But they seldom remember where they buried every nut. So some nuts remain in the ground. Conditions are right for them to develop and grow the following spring. Red squirrels, however, store large groups of nuts above ground. Professor Swihart calls “death traps for seeds”.
Gray squirrels are native to Indiana. But Professor Swihart says their numbers began to decrease as more forests were cut for agriculture. Red squirrels began to spread through the state during the past century.
The researchers say red squirrels are native to forests that stay green all year, unlike walnut trees. They say the cleaning of forest land for agriculture has helped red squirrels invade Indiana. Jake Goheen calls them a sign of an environmental problem more than a cause.
【小題1】The study done by Rob Swihart and Jake Goheen is to ________.
| A．find out the living conditions for squirrels |
| B．learn squirrels’ influence on black walnut trees |
| C．do something to get rid of squirrels |
| D．save the forests in the American state of Indiana |
| A．the way they gather the walnut |
| B．the time they have winter sleep |
| C．the place they have winter sleep |
| D．the place they store the walnuts |
| A．red squirrels eat more nuts than gray squirrels |
| B．gray squirrels and red squirrels will have severe fights |
| C．nuts above the ground will not develop into plants |
| D．seeds can be traps for other animals in the forest |
| A．The black walnut is equally attractive to both gray and red squirrels. |
| B．Gray squirrels do more harm to the forest than red squirrels. |
| C．Red squirrels and gray squirrels have helped the spread of walnut trees. |
| D．The cleaning of forest land benefits red squirrels directly. |
【小題1】B
【小題2】D
【小題3】C
【小題4】A
解析試題分析：文章講述了紅松鼠和灰松鼠的生活習(xí)性以及它們的不同生活方式給環(huán)境帶來的影響。
【小題1】根據(jù)第二段第二句“The scientists wanted to know how these differences could affect the growth of black walnut (黑胡桃) trees.”可知，科學(xué)家研究紅松鼠和灰松鼠以查明它們的生活習(xí)慣會對黑胡桃的生長產(chǎn)生什么樣的影響。故選B。
【小題2】根據(jù)第三段的“Gray squirrels and red squirrels do not store nuts and seeds in the same way.”可知，它們儲藏堅果和種子的方法不一樣。故選D。
【小題3】根據(jù)第三段最后一行“store large groups of nuts above ground”可知，堅果埋在一個坑里的話，不容易成活。故選C。
【小題4】根據(jù)第二段第二行的“as many walnuts grow when gathered by gray squirrels as compared to red squirrels”可知，紅松鼠和灰松鼠都喜歡黑胡桃，A正確；根據(jù)第四段“their numbers began to decrease as more forests were cut for agriculture”可知，灰松鼠依賴森林，B錯；C、D未提及。故選A。
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For the people living in the Nile Basin, the river is their life．This 6,825 km waterway, whose watershed（流域）covers three million square kilometers, flows through mountains ,woodlands, lakes and deserts．Its potential for fishing, tourism and shipping is great—but so are its challenges.
Water shortage , already serious in Egypt and Sudan , will soon influence several other countries in the watershed as well．Today, about 160 million people depend on the Nile River for their living．Within the next 25 yeas ,the district's population is expected to double, adding to the demand brought about by growth in industry and agriculture．The frequent drought（干旱）adds to the urgency.
Water quality is also a problem．Precious soil is washed out to sea．Wastes from industry and agriculture create pollution．Higher concentrations of salt influence irrigated soils．Water-borne diseases continue unchecked．In areas where it's hot and damp, water hyacinths choke off（阻止） lakes, dams and other sections of the river, making it difficult for fishing and other businesses to move forward.
Native people along the narrow area of farmland have watched the sand move closer day by day．They’ve seen the river change course, and their only source（來源） of water thickened with mud．They’re very poor and have few choices.
But a new program, the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI), is offering very practical assistance．The program is more than just a water-management project．It’s a plan for the social and economic development of a vast district: it concentrates on the needs of the poorest of the poor and the environment that supports them.
These are whole ecosystem problems, calling for united solutions．Half the Nile Basin's countries are among the world's poorest nations；yet, somehow, they must find the resources, skills and political will to overcome these challenges.
【小題1】What are the great challenges the Nile Basin faces？
| A．The development of shipping industry. |
| B．Over fishing of native people. |
| C．Water shortage and water quality. |
| D．Increasing population and tourism. |
| A．plants | B．a(chǎn)nimals | C．rocks | D．salts |
| A．preventing water pollution |
| B．improving living condition of the poor |
| C．changing the river course |
| D．preventing land from becoming desert |
| A．People’s Life in Egypt and Sudan |
| B．Frequent Drought in Egypt and Sudan |
| C．The Poorest Countries in the Nile Basin |
| D．The Ecosystem Problems in the Nile Basin |
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
The smallest animal with a backbone（脊椎） known to science, a fish from the carp family, has been discovered in the peat swamps （沼澤）of Indonesia. Mature（成熟的）females of the fish species （種類）Paedocypris reach just 7.9mm in length.
The species was discovered in the highly acidic (酸性的) peat swamps of the Indonesian island of Sumatra by a team led by Ralf Britz, a zoologist at the Natural History Museum in London.
“This is one of the strangest fish that I’ve seen in my whole career,” Dr Britz said. “It’s tiny, and it lives in acid. I hope that we’ll have time to find out more about them before their habitat disappears completely.”
The species lives in dark tea-colored swamp waters, which are 100 times more acidic than rainwater. Although these swamps were once thought to be inhabited by very few animals, recent research has shown that they are home to a highly different range of species that occur nowhere else.
The peat swamps were damaged by forest fires in 1997, and are also threatened by agriculture. The scientists behind the discovery said that several populations of Paedocypris had already been lost.
“Many of the peat swamps we surveyed（調(diào)查）throughout South-East Asia no longer exist,” Dr Britz said. “Populations of all the miniature（微型的）fish of peat swamps have decreased or disappeared.”
Details of the discovery are published today in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B.
【小題1】64.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
| A．The Strangest Fish |
| B．Acidic Peat Swamps |
| C．Strange Species |
| D．The Smallest Backbone Animal |
| A．It lives in highly acidic rainwater. |
| B．The species lives in the acidic waters of dark tea-coloured swamps. |
| C．It was put in the Natural History Museum in London. |
| D．Its habitat disappears completely. |
| A．many places where these animals lived have been damaged |
| B．the population of the specieshas increased |
| C．there are many animals in the acidic peat swamps today |
| D．a(chǎn)griculture doesn’t affect the living space of these animals |
| A．the habitat will be more after a period of time |
| B．many peat swamps that they surveyed have already survived |
| C．he wants to find more miniature fishes before their habitat disappears |
| D．he wants to have further research |
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
How long you live has a lot to do with your environment and lifestyle, but exceptional(特別的)long life may have even more to do with your genes. For the first time, researchers have discovered a genetic recipe(基因譜)that accurately predicts who may live to 100 and beyond.
Analysis shows that 90% of the participants who lived to 100 had at least one of the signature genetic clusters(標(biāo)志基因組). Dr. Thomas Perls at the Boston University School of Medicine said, “We realize this is a complex genetic puzzle. There is a long way for us to go to understand how the integration(融合)of these genes—not just with themselves but with environmental factors—is playing a role in this long life puzzle.”
Perls has studied many factors that contribute to long life, and he is the first to acknowledge that living longer isn’t likely to be simply a matter of genes. His previous work has shown, for example, that among most elderly people who live into their 70s and 80s, about 70% can owe their long life to environmental factors such as not smoking; eating a healthy, low-fat, low-calorie diet; and remaining socially engaged and mentally active throughout life.
It seems clear that those who live extremely long are benefiting from a special DNA. In fact, Perls believes that the older a person gets, the more likely it is that his or her genes are contributing to those extended years.
【小題1】Which of the following is TRUE according to Paragraph 2?
| A．Most long-living people have special long-life-related genes. |
| B．Ninety percent of the participants lived to 100 years of age. |
| C．All the long-living people have only one signature genetic cluster. |
| D．Scientists know how the integration of the genes helps people live long. |
| A．most people living extremely long benefit from not smoking |
| B．living longer just depends on certain genetic recipes |
| C．environmental factors play an important role in long-living |
| D．being mentally active has nothing to do with living an old age |
| A．Remaining socially engaged helps a person to live long. |
| B．A genetic recipe can accurately predict who may live to 100 and beyond. |
| C．Perls is the first to think living longer is just a matter of genes. |
| D．The older he gets, the more likely the genes contribute to his extended years. |
| A．Genes May Predict Who Lives to 100 | B．Environment And Genes |
| C．Genes, the Secret of Long Living | D．Lifestyle And Genes |
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
In the late 1970’s,many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems ，and new steel — and — glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Some ecologists (生態(tài)學(xué)家）pointed out that a number of tall buildings in a city often overburden public transportation.
Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers of electric power and water. In just one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City itself has already raised the top daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kw — enough to supply the entire city of Albany in New York area for a single day.
Glass—walled skyscrapers can also be especially wasteful. The heat loss ，or gain， through a wall of half 一 inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical ordinary wall filled with bricks or board. In order to decrease the pressure on heating and air — conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double—layered glass ，and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that could reduce glare (強(qiáng)光）as well as heat gain. However, mirror — walled skyscrapers may raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings as well.
Skyscrapers put a severe pressure on a city's sanitation (衛(wèi)生）facilities, too. If fully occupied, the towers just within the central area of New York would alone produce 2. 25 million gallons of waste water each year^—as much as the city size of Stanford， Connecticut, which has a population of more than 109，000.
【小題1】The underlined phrase“ lavish consumers ”in the 2nd paragraph probably means ____
| A．trash producers | B．great spenders | C．pressure makers | D．poor customers |
| A．show how skyscrapers manage to lessen their pressure |
| B．explain why skyscrapers can control its air conditions |
| C．describe further how wasteful skyscrapers could be |
| D．present the stability of skyscrapers in modern buildings |
| A．central New York skyscrapers are a large waste water producer |
| B．the central area of New York is as large as the city of Stanford |
| C．more than 109，000 people live in the skyscrapers in New York |
| D．New York produces 2. 25 million gallons of waste water each year |
| A．positive | B．doubtful | C．grateful | D．negative |
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
New research shows that overweight or even mildly obese people have a lower risk of early death than people considered to be normal weight.
Researchers examined the results of 97 studies. Most of the studies were less than 10 years old. They included almost three million adults from around the world, including the United States, Canada, China, Taiwan, Brazil, India and Mexico.
The researchers at the National Center for Health Statistics found that people who are considered overweight or slightly obese were five to six percent less likely to die from all causes than people of normal weight. People with higher obesity ratings, however, had almost a 30 percent greater risk of death compared to normal-weight individuals.
Katherine Flegal was the lead author of the study. She says she was not surprised that overweight people would not have a higher risk of death.
“Because we’d actually already read a lot of this literature and realized it was likely that mortality rates (死亡率) for overweight would be at least not higher than normal weight. I guess I was a little bit surprised that it was definitely lower. And I was also surprised that the lower rates of obesity also didn’t seem to differ from normal weight.”
But she says the difference in death rates appears to be small between normal-weight people and those who are overweight or mildly obese.
The study has raised new questions about “body mass index,”（體重指數(shù)） or BMI. This is a measurement of body fat as a ratio（比率） of height to weight. In recent years, many public health experts have promoted body mass index as a way to predict the risk of health problems. Bu t a person's BMI can be misleading in some cases.
Steven Heymsfield ,the executive director of the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, says people can be physically fit and in good health, but might weigh more because they are more muscular.
Still, Dr. Heymsfield says people should not think gaining extra weight is OK just because of the new findings. He says being at a healthy weight lowers the risk for heart disease and diabetes（糖尿�。�.
【小題1】According to the new findings, the researchers found that __________ .
| A．People with high obesity have a lower risk of early death than people with low obesity |
| B．People with overweight have a greater risk of early death than people of normal weight. |
| C．People with mild obesity are less likely to die than people of normal weight. |
| D．People with obesity live much longer than people of normal weight. |
| A．works like novels and poems |
| B．books and articles on a particular subject |
| C．printed material |
| D．magazines and newspapers |
| A．BMI is commonly used to measure body fat as a ratio of height to weight. |
| B．Not all people with a little higher BMI are fat . |
| C．Many public health experts encourage more people to use BMI as a way to predict the risk of health problem |
| D．Because of the ne w findings, people should think about gaining extra weight. |
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
The octopus’s（章魚）reputation as a human-killer isn’t simply an exaggeration（夸張）—it is a total myth. The octopus can indeed be a deadly hunter, but only of its natural victims. Some shellfish（殼類動物）and an occasional sick or incautious fish have reason to be frightened of this multi-armed hunter, but a person is much too large to interest even the biggest octopus. Even the largest among octopi is much smaller than most people imagine. Far from being large enough to swallow a ship, as monster octopi in movies have been known to do, the largest octopus, found on the Pacific coast, weighs around 110 pounds and grows to no more than ten feet in width.
The hard, parrot-like beak（喙）of an octopus is not used for attacking deep-sea divers, but for cutting open shellfish. Indeed, the octopus possesses such a tiny throat that it cannot swallow large pieces of meat. Instead, it feeds by pouring digestive juices into its victims, and then sucking up the soupy remains. A shellfish that finds itself in the grasp of an octopus has only a short time to live. But human beings are perfectly safe. Still, people rarely care to go close enough to these careful creatures to get a good look at them.
【小題1】This passage is mainly about .
| A．the horrors of the octopus |
| B．the largest octopus in the world |
| C．octopi and their behavior |
| D．the octopus’s deadly hunting method |
| A．people have unreasonable fears about the octopus |
| B．the octopus is not interested in human beings |
| C．the octopus is afraid of human beings |
| D．the octopus is a very cruel sea animal |
| A．Octopi. | B．Shellfish. | C．Fish. | D．The victims. |
| A．a(chǎn)ttacking deep-sea divers | B．cutting up large pieces of meat |
| C．cutting open its victims | D．defending itself |
| A．the octopus is not dangerous to man |
| B．people often fear creatures that are not dangerous to them |
| C．the octopus only hunts its natural victims |
| D．things described in movies are not to be believed |
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
Scientists Alan M．Goldberg and Thomas Hartung describe recent advances in replacing the use of animals in toxicology(毒物學(xué))testing．Improvements in cell and tissue culture technologies，for example，allow a growing number of tests to be performed on human cells alone．Computer models are becoming increasingly complex and many could one day become more accurate than trials in living animals．
Since the late 1990s，Huntingdon Life Sciences--a company that conducts testing of substances on animals conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Food and Drug Administration—has become a proving ground for aggressive strategies by animal-rights militants （好戰(zhàn)分子）．At a hearing，a Senate．committee listened to testimony（證詞） against Huntingdon employees and financial institutions providing services to the company．One experimentation witness at the hearing insisted that any means necessary were justified（辯護(hù)） to spare animals’ lives；he has previously accepted the idea of murder to that end．
Use of animals in testing and in biomedical research continues to be necessary in many instances and is ethically（倫理道德地）preferable to experimenting on humans or giving up cures that could save human lives．But for the sake of people and animals alike，the development and acceptance of animal substitutes deserve enthusiastic support．
In some instances, substitutes are already thought as good or better than animals，but supervising agencies（監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)）have yet to catch up．In both the European Union and the U．S．，scientists and companies wanting to use the new alternative tests complain that regulatory standards for proving a drug or chemical to be safe for humans force the continued use of animals．Thus，animal-loving Americans might turn to persuading the EPA and the FDA to speed validation（確認(rèn)）of new methods so that they can be more widely employed．And animal advocates（保護(hù)者） who want to influence business could consider investing in the small biotech’s and large pharmaceutical（藥品的） companies that are working to develop alternatives to animals in research．
【小題1】_____ plays a leading role in replacing the use of animals in testing．
| A．Huntingdon Life Sciences | B．Improvement in technologies |
| C．Animal-fights militants | D．Scientists Alan and Thomas |
| A．a(chǎn)nimals shouldn’t be used in toxicology testing |
| B．a(chǎn)nimals should enjoy equal rights with human beings |
| C．a(chǎn)nimals should live wildly and freely |
| D．we should protect animals from being killed casually |
| A．the use of animals in testing has been stopped abruptly |
| B．a(chǎn)nimal substitutes are not preferable |
| C．supervising standards contribute to the continued use of animals in testing |
| D．only Huntingdon Life Sciences is accused |
| A．Saving animals and people． |
| B．The new trend in toxicology testing |
| C．The use of animals in testing is against human nature |
| D．New technology changes the fate of animals |
| A．a(chǎn)rbitrary（武斷的，隨意的） | B．pessimistic |
| C．indifferent（不關(guān)心的 ） | D．optimistic |
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
Can people change their skin colour without suffering like pop king Michael Jackson? Perhaps yes. Scientists have found the gene that determines skin colour. The gene comes in two versions, one of which is found in 99 per cent of Europeans. The other is found in 93 to 100 per cent of Africans, researchers at Pennsylvania State University report in the latest issue of Science.
Scientists have changed the colour of a dark-striped zebra fish to uniform gold by inserting a version of the pigment (色素) gene into a young fish. As with humans, zebra fish skin colour is determined by pigment cells, which contain melanosomes (黑色素體). The number, size and darkness of melanosomes per pigment cell determines skin colour.
It appears that, like the golden zebra fish, light-skinned Europeans also have a mutation (突變)in the gene for melanosome production. This results in less pigmented skin. However, Keith Cheng, leader of the research team, points out that the mutation is different in human and zebra fish genes.
Humans acquired dark skin in Africa about 1.5 million years ago to protect bodies from ultra-violet rays of the sun, which can cause skin cancer. But when modern humans leave Africa to live in northern latitudes, they need more sunlight on their skin to produce vitamin D. So the related gene changes, according to Cheng. Asians have the same version of the gene as Africans, so they probably acquired their light skin through the action of some other gene that affects skin colours, said Cheng.
The new discovery could lead to medical treatments for skin cancer. It also could lead to research into ways to change skin colour without damaging it like chemical treatment done on Michael Jackson.
【小題1】According to the passage, scientists have found .
| A．people living in northern latitudes need more sunlight |
| B．the reason why people change their skin colour |
| C．the reason why people get skin cancer |
| D．the gene that determines skin colour |
| A．people like to change their skin colour |
| B．a(chǎn) mutation in the gene for melanosome production is different in human and zebra fish gene |
| C．people will be able to change their skin colour without chemical treatment in the future |
| D．skin cancer can be cured now |
| A．The version of the pigment gene of Asians and that of Africans are the same. |
| B．Scientists have succeeded in turning the colour of a dark-striped zebra fish into uniform gold. |
| C．Dark skin can protect bodies from utral-violet rays of the sun. |
| D．People like pop king Michael Jackson. |
| A．a(chǎn) novel | B．a(chǎn) science report |
| C．a(chǎn) story book | D．a(chǎn) science fiction |
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