People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions--and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why.
Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly
(均勻的) across a face as Westerners do, Easterners fix their attention on the eyes.
"We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions," Jack said. "Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth."
According to Jack and her colleagues, the discovery shows that human communication of emotion is more complex than previously believed. As a result, facial expressions that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations.
The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of. expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. They compared how accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies.
It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners. "The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions," Jack said. "Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less."
In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation.
1. The discovery shows that Westerners ___________
A. pay equal attention to the eyes and the mouth
B. consider facial expressions universally reliable
C. observe the eyes and the mouth in different ways
D. have more difficulty in recognizing facial expressions
2. What were the people asked to do in the study?
A. To make a face at each other.    B. To get their faces impressive.
C. To classify some face pictures.   D. To observe the researchers' faces.
3. What does the underlined word "they" in Paragraph 6 refer to?
A. The participants in the study.
B. The researchers of the study.
C. The errors made during the study.
D. The data collected from the study.
4. In comparison with Westerners, Easterners are likely to ___________
A. do translation more successfully
B. study the mouth more frequently
C. examine the eyes more attentively
D. read facial expressions more correctly
5. What can be the best title for the passage?
A. The Eye as the Window to the Soul
B. Cultural Differences in Reading Emotions
C. Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills
D. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding


【小題1】A
【小題2】C
【小題3】A
【小題4】C
【小題5】B

解析

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Parkour (跑酷) is a new sport that is developing quickly in the world. The aim of parkour is to jump, climb or run over any all stair, or fence on your path easily. Usually, it is done in a city environment. Practicers take very wall or roof as their training place. If you have seen the beginning of the James Bond movie Casino Royale, then you have seen an excellent example of parkour.
David Belle, a young Frenchman, developed parkour in the 1990s. His father's experiences as a fireman as well as an acrobat(雜技演員)influenced him a lot. His childhood friend, Sebastien Foucan, is the actor in the movie Casino Royale with his parkour performance. Foucan is thought to have developed free-running, which is a more artistic and skillful type of parkour. David belle traveled to India and said one way he trained was by watching a physical one. The aim is to become so skillful, and it is almost unnecessary for you to think about the different actions in running through a path full of barriers(障礙物).
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The popularity has spread largely because of parkour videos and organizations on the Internet. And if you search on the Web, you will find parkour groups performing their skills near you.
【小題1】The author wrote this text to _______

A．introduce a new sport parkourB．show how parkour is popular in the world
C．Tell the history of parkourD．explain the basic movements in parkour
【小題2】Who performed parkour in the movie Casino Royale?
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【小題3】People learn about parkour mainly for ______.
A．the newspaperB．the InternetC．the radioD．TV
【小題4】Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?
A．Children should not be allowed to do parkour.
B．Casino Royale is a movie introducing parkour
C．Most of the lovers of parkour are Internet users.
D．Parkour is a mental exercise as well as a physical one

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The economic growth that many nations in Asia and increasingly Africa have experienced over the past couple of decades has transformed hundreds of millions of lives – almost entirely for the better. But there’s a byproduct to that growth, one that’s evident – or sometimes less than evident – in the smoggy, smelly skies above cities like Beijing, New Delhi and Jakarta. Thanks to new cars and power plants, air pollution is bad and getting worse in much of the world, and it’s taking a major toll (傷亡人數(shù)，代價(jià)) on global health.

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B．introduce the popularity of online music

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    C．boarding school                         D．primary school

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    A．should not be sent to school

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    C．will not suffer fro m parental separation

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    A．children have problems with day care

    B．there is no negative effect on infants who go to school before three

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One year ago, I traveled 15,000 kilometers from Australia to the US. I am from a beachside town in the   16  of Sydney, and thought there would be almost no   17  differences between my home country and my 18  . I was surprised at how wrong I was, and at  19  different the two countries could be.

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The longer I spent in the US, the more I started to   25  smaller differences like the culture of   26  in restaurants. In Australia we don’t tend to give a tip   27  the service has been really excellent. In the US you tip for   28  everything, even at the hairdresser. Waiters and shop assistants   29  to be given 15 percent of the bill, although in places   30 New York or Washington DC, a tip can be as much as 20 percent.

  31 , I also became more wary (謹(jǐn)慎的) of believing the stereotypes (成見) I had heard at home as I traveled. Not all Americans are ignorant of geography, for example.

Despite this, certain stereotypes about places did seem to   32  true for me. There is an immense (強(qiáng)烈的) sense of speed in New York. Everyone   33  to and fro, and very seldom takes time to   34  the moment. This is very different from the Australian lifestyle. Australians are laid back. Even in a major city like Sydney, we “Aussies” take time to “stop and smell the roses”---very different from our American counterparts.

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1.                A．heart          B．city            C．center   D．suburbs

 

2.                A．cultural         B．commercial      C．economic D．scientific

 

3.                A．home town      B．departure       C．location  D．destination

 

4.                A．how           B．why            C．however  D．where

 

5.                A．big            B．modern         C．small D．fashionable

 

6.                A．travel          B．survive         C．live  D．serve

 

7.                A．happened       B．seemed         C．proved   D．managed

 

8.                A．brought        B．ordered        C．designed  D．fetched

 

9.                A．laughter        B．pleasure        C．shock    D．embarrassment

 

10.               A．prefer         B．notice          C．tell   D．a(chǎn)ppreciate

 

11.               A．serving         B．tipping         C．donating   D．toasting

 

12.               A．unless         B．if             C．when D．since

 

13.               A．rarely          B．mostly         C．a(chǎn)lmost D．hardly

 

14.               A．try            B．wait           C．think D．expect

 

15.               A．like            B．a(chǎn)long          C．for   D．in

 

16.               A．So            B．Therefore       C．However  D．But

 

17.               A．come          B．become        C．turn  D．get

 

18.               A．walks          B．drives          C．wanders   D．rushes

 

19.               A．depend on      B．reflect on       C．spy on D．watch on

 

20.               A．experience     B．job            C．challenge  D．business

 

 

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