Women are friendly. But men are more competitive. Why? Researchers have found it’s all down to the hormone oxytocin (荷爾蒙催生素). Although known as the love hormone, it affects the sexes differently.

“ Women tend to be social in their behavior. They often share with others. But men tend to be competitive. They are trying to improve their social status,” said Professor Ryan.

Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions (互動(dòng)) such as falling in love or giving birth.

But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.

Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship.

Professor Ryan’s recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37. Half of the participants received oxytocin. The other half received placebo (安慰劑).

After a week, the two groups switched with participants. They went through the same procedure with the other material.

Following each treatment, they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions. Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions. The questions were about telling friendship from competition. And their answers should be based on gestures, body language and facial expressions.

The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men’s ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.

Professor Ryan thus concluded: “ Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people’s abilities to better distinguish different social interactions. And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factors that are mainly hormonal.”

1.What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text?

A. Oxytocin. B. Placebo.

C. The gesture. D. The social status.

2.What can we learn from Professor Ryan’s previous experiment?

A. Oxytocin affects our behavior in a different way.

B. Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love.

C. Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand people's behavior differences.

D. Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others’success.

3.Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment?

A. To know the differences between friendship and competition.

B. To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions.

C. To know the differences between friendship and competition.

D. To know people’s different abilities to answer questions.

4.The author develops the text by __________.

A. explaining people's behaviors

B. describing his own experiences

C. discussing research experiments

D. distinguishing sexual differences

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：2016年北京市海淀區(qū)高三上學(xué)期期末考試英語(yǔ)試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

Conventional wisdom is a major barrier to innovation that threatens the survival of companies everywhere．It’s based on the assumption that old ideas will always work，so they shouldn’t be challenged． While this may be a valid assumption in situations that don’t change，it’s unlikely to hold true in a changing situation．In today’s rapid changing global environment，old methods often don't work，and stubbornly using them can lead to major problems．

Most people seem to agree with conventional wisdom because it gives one a false sense of security．If everyone else believes it，then it must be true．Individuals who use conventional wisdom are certain that they are right，and being right is good． They want to continue using old ideas rather than take risks with changes that might not work．In 1977，Ken Olsen，co-founder and CEO of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)，stated “There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home．” Despite being a dominant leader in the computer industry，DEC no longer exists．

People seem to forget that since innovation is a change，there can be no innovation without change．Unfortunately，conventional wisdom prevents leaders，followers and companies from changing and therefore innovating．If companies don’t innovate，but their competitors do，the future is likely to be problematic． Breaking from conventional wisdom has led to many of the most innovative companies and products in history across many industries，so it has a powerful effect on business success．

Ted Turner (founder of CNN) knew little，if anything，about the news business，but he knew it was inconvenient to watch news only at the dinner hour，as was common before CNN．Turner’s solution was to create a cable channel dedicated to news 24 hours a day．The news establishment reflected conventional wisdom at the time，and predicted his idea would fail because no one wanted to watch the news all day．However，it doesn’t take a rocket scientist to understand that viewers don’t have to watch the news all day for the CNN to work．Viewers just have to watch when they want to get information．Due to conventional thinking，the critics failed to recognize the opportunity that was clear to Ted． They assumed that only what was familiar to them could work in the future．

Conventional wisdom prevents creativity，flexibility and risk-taking，so unconventional leaders enthusiastically break from it．To survive，thrive and maintain competitive advantage，companies must be flexible when reacting to change．

1.DEC has disappeared probably because ___________．

A． the consumers didn’t like its products

B． the leaders lacked the sense of security

C． the CEO stuck to the conventional ideas

D． the employees took many risks with changes

2.The founding of CNN is used as an example to prove _________．

A． missing opportunities could lead to failure

B． changing could contribute to business success

C． watching news at the dinner hour is convenient

D． conventional wisdom influences business success

3.What does the underlined part probably mean?

A． Rocket scientists can ensure the CNN works properly．

B． Most of the viewers don’t like to watch the news at work．

C． It’s necessary to understand when people watch the news．

D． It’s easy to know people needn’t watch the news all the time．

4.The passage is mainly written to tell us that ______．

A． old methods are changing with time

B． opportunities lead to business success

C． conventional wisdom limits innovation

D． successful companies need wise leaders

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：2015-2016學(xué)年四川營(yíng)山縣回龍中學(xué)高二12月檢測(cè)英語(yǔ)試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

“Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me.”

You probably heard those lines in grammar school, but do you really agree that harsh(嚴(yán)厲的) or negative words do not harm us? Words have power. Surely we all have had our feelings hurt by something someone said.

We may not say words to hurt others, but the way we interpret (解釋) them and how we say them may cause great harm. Here’s an example

An ancient king dreamed all his teeth had fallen out. He sent for a wise man to explain his dream to him the dream means that all your relatives will die and you will be left alone! The king was very angry and threw the interpreter into prison. He then sent for another interpreter who said, “Congratulations! King! You will live many more years. In fact, you will survive all your relatives. Long Live the King!”

Both interpreters gave the same interpretation, but there was a huge difference in the way they said it.

Our speech must be understood by those who hear our words, but the way we say things and the intention behind them have as much power as the words themselves. Words can cause anger or appreciation. Which would you rather receive?

People who say harsh and negative things may not mean to harm, but have you ever known anyone who is a naysayer? They often look at the dark sides of things. They always see the glass as half empty rather than half full. How do you feel when you are around this type of person? Remember words have power. Use them wisely.

1.The author mentions the story of the ancient king to show that _____.

A. one dream sometimes has different explanations

B. good words can bring good luck to people

C. people should be careful when talking to a king

D. different ways of saying things have different effects

2.The underlined word “naysayer” in the last paragraph refers to a person who always _____.

A. has a negative attitude

B. likes to be praised

C. talks big

D. likes to repeat what others say

3.According to the text, how can people understand each other better?

A. By sharing different life experiences

B. By accepting different habits.

C. By properly using words

D. By recognizing different values.

4.The passage mainly talks about ______.

A. the power of words

B. the cruelty of the king

C. how to understand others

D. how to build good relationships

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：2016屆四川省高三12月月考英語(yǔ)試卷（解析版） 題型：完形填空

完形填空

Imagine waking up in a hospital bed. And the entire left side of your body isn’t movable. This was the I found myself in after my crash. I so severely for my head and neck were twisted to one side and stuck in that disturbing .

The prognosis(預(yù)斷)for my was not good. The doctor told my family, “I to say this, but he’ll be lucky to survive the next 48 hours. ”

as my family was at the news, the one thing that had been holding them together was the that with the proper medical treatment, I could recover. The doctor’s prognosis hit them like a hammer, .any hope. The that I might die touched each of them deeply.

For the next two days, my parents kept waiting outside my room. They could eat or sleep. The doctor’s prognosis heavily on their hearts. Yet with each passing hour they become slightly more hopeful that my chances of were a little bit better.

With the 48 hours passing, although I was once to the limit of my life, I to quit my life, so they felt somewhat . Maybe the doctor had made a(n) . After all, doctors aren’t necessarily right. Bit by bit, hope began to return to them. , they still had no idea what the future held for me.

My survival surprised everyone. It would not have been if not for my determination not to quit my life. will always happen around you as long as you don’t give up.

1.A. despair B. situation C. place D. pain

2.A. choked B. trembled C. enjoyed D. suffered

3.A. position B. . action C. behavior D. height

4.A. spirit B. disability C. recovery D. treatment

5.A. regret B. decide C. tend D. wish

6.A. Impatient B. Angry C. Confused D. Upset

7.A. desire B. intention C. hope D. lie

8.A. offering B. destroying C. raising D. abandoning

9.A. exception B. choice C. fact D. acceptance

10.A. barely B. gradually C. hopelessly D. slightly

11.A. reacted B. weighed C. froze D. expanded

12.A. promotion B. escape C. improvement D. survival

13.A. convincing B. disappointing C. exciting D. frightening

14.A. directed B. pushed C. ordered D. guided

15.A. refused B. pretended C. struggled D. attempted

16.A. confident B. satisfied C. relieved D. stressful

17.A. joke B. guess C. apology D. mistake

18.A. However B. Therefore C. Instead D. Besides

19.A. alarming B. possible C. reasonable D. pessimistic

20.A. Accidents B. Coincidences C. Miracles D. Successes

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：2016屆四川省高三12月月考英語(yǔ)試卷（解析版） 題型：單項(xiàng)填空

The disease is so terrible that it made Jack’s life difficult, one problem leading to .

A. the other B. others C. another D. the others

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：2016屆廣東東莞松山湖莞美學(xué)校高三上學(xué)期19周周測(cè)英語(yǔ)試卷（解析版） 題型：書(shū)面表達(dá)

書(shū)面表達(dá)

假定你是李華，對(duì)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥很感興趣。你獲悉中國(guó)藥學(xué)家屠喲喲因發(fā)現(xiàn)了青篙素被授予2015年諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。請(qǐng)給你的美國(guó)朋友David發(fā)一封郵件分享此消息。信件須包括以下內(nèi)容：

心情：驕傲和激動(dòng)。

評(píng)價(jià)：她找到了治療瘧疾的方法，數(shù)千萬(wàn)人從中受益。

志向：立志考入屠喲坳的母校北大，造福人民。

注意：1．詞數(shù)100左右；

2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；

參考詞匯：

1．藥學(xué)家：pharmacologist

2.青篙素：artemisinin

3. 2015年諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)：The 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

4.瘧疾：malaria

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：2016屆陜西漢中高三上學(xué)期教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測(cè)英語(yǔ)試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

Fear and its companion pain are two of the most useful things that man and animals possess if they are used. If fire didn’t hurt when it burned, children would play with it until their hands were burned away. Similarly, if pain existed but fear didn’t, a child could burn itself again and again because fear would not warn it to keep away from the fire that had burnt it before. A really fearless soldier—and some do exist—is not a good soldier because he is soon killed; and a dead soldier is of no use to his army. Fear and pain are therefore two guards without which man and animals might soon die out.

In our first sentence we suggested that fear ought to be properly used. If, for example, you never go out of your house because of the danger of being knocked down and killed in the street by a car, you are letting fear rule you too much. The important thing is not to let fear rule you, but instead, to use fear as your servant and guide. Fear will warn you of dangers; then you have to decide what action to take.

In many cases, you can take quick and successful action to avoid the danger. For example, you see a car coming straight towards you; fear warns you, you jump out of the way, and all is well.

In some cases, however, you decide that there is nothing that you can do to avoid the danger. For example, you cannot prevent an airplane crashing into your house, and you may not want to go and live in a desert where there are no airplanes. In this case, fear has given you its warning, you have examined it and decided on your course of action, so fear of the particular danger is no longer of any use to you, and you have to try to overcome it.

1.Children would play with fire until their hands are burnt away if _________.

A. they were not well educated at school

B. they were fearful of pain

C. they had never played with fire before

D. they had no sense of pain

2.People sometimes succeed in timely avoiding danger because _________.

A. they have gained experience

B. they jump out of the way in time

C. they are warned of the danger and take quick action

D. they are calm in face of danger

3.What is implied but not stated in the passage?

A. Fear is always something helpful

B. Too much fear is harmful

C. Fear is something that can be avoided

D. Fear ought to be used as our guide in our life

4.The best title for this passage should be __________.

A. The Value of Fear

B. Pain and Actions

C. No Pains, No Gains

D. The Reason Why People Fear

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：2014-2015學(xué)年內(nèi)蒙古鄂倫春自治旗大楊樹(shù)二中高一上學(xué)期期末英語(yǔ)卷（解析版） 題型：短文改錯(cuò)

短文改錯(cuò)

假定英語(yǔ)課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請(qǐng)你修改你同桌寫(xiě)的以下作文。文中共有10處語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處。錯(cuò)誤涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。

增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏詞符號(hào)（∧），并在其下面寫(xiě)出該詞。

刪除：把多余的詞用斜線（\）劃掉。

修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下劃一橫線（ ），并在該詞下面寫(xiě)出修改后的詞。

注意：1.每處錯(cuò)誤及修改均僅限一詞;

2.只允許修改10處，多者（從第11處起）不計(jì)分。

My father go fishing alone every Sunday. This morning when we were got up, it was fine. Father decided to go fishing, so mother stopped him, said that it was going to rain according to the weather forecast. She asked him to put off his raincoat, but he did not take her advices. When he got to the river, it was cloud. Soon the rain began to fall heavily and he was caught in it. After she got home, he was wet. “Did you catch some fish?” asked my mother. “No, but I caught bad cold,” he answered.

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：2015-2016學(xué)年廣東惠來(lái)一中、揭東一中高二上學(xué)期期末英語(yǔ)試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

In the mid-1950s, I was a somewhat bored early-adolescent male student who believed that doing any more than necessary was wasted effort. One day, this approach threw me into embarrassment

In Mrs. Totten’s eighth-grade math class at Central Avenue School in Anderson, Indiana, we were learning to add and subtract decimals (小數(shù)).

Our teacher typically assigned daily homework, which would be recited in class the following day. On most days, our grades were based on our oral answer to homework questions.

Mrs. Totten usually walked up and down the rows of desks requesting answers from student after student in the order the questions had appeared on our homework sheets. She would start either at the front or the back of the classroom and work toward the other end.

Since I was seated near the middle of about 35 students, it was easy to figure out which questions I might have to answer. This particular time, I had completed my usual two or three problems according to my calculations.

What I failed to expect was that several students were absent, which threw off my estimate. As Mrs. Totten made her way from the beginning of the class，I desperately tried to determine which math problem I would get. I tried to work it out before she got to me, but I had brain freeze and couldn’t function.

When Mrs. Totten reached my desk，she asked what answer I’d got for problem No. 14. “I…I didn’t get anything,” I answered，and my face felt warm.

“Correct,” she said.It turned out that the correct answer was zero.

What did I learn that day? First, always do all your homework. Second, in real life it isn’t always what you say but how you say it that matters. Third，I would never make it as a mathematician.

If I could choose one school day that taught me the most, it would be that one.

1.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 1 indicate?

A．It is wise to value one’s time.

B. It is important to make an effort

C．It is right to stick to one’s belief.

D. It is enough to do the necessary.

2.Usually, Mrs. Totten asked her students to _______.

A． recite their homework together

B． grade their homework themselves

C． answer their homework questions orally

D． check the answers to their homework questions

3.The author could work out which questions to answer since the teacher always _______.

A． asked questions in a regular way

B． walked up and down when asking questions

C． chose two or three questions for the students

D． requested her students to finish their usual questions

4. The author failed to get the questions he had expected because _______.

A. the class didn’t begin as usual

B. several students didn’t come to school

C. he didn’t try hard to make his estimate

D. Mrs. Totten didn’t start from the back of the class

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