In his 1930 essay “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren ”, John Keynes, a famous economist, wrote that human needs fall into two classes: absolute needs ,which are independent of what others have , and relative needs ,which make us feel superior to our fellows. He thought that although relative needs may indeed be insatiable (無止境的) , this is not true of absolute needs.
Keynes was surely correct that only a small part of total spending is decided by the desire for superiority. He was greatly mistaken, however, in seeing this desire as the only source of insatiable demands.
Decisions to spend are also driven by ideas of quality which can influence the demands for almost all goods, including even basic goods like food. When a couple goes out for an anniversary dinner, for example, the thought of feeling superior to others probably never comes to them. Their goal is to share a special meal that stands out from other meals.
There are no obvious limits to the escalation of demand for quality. For example, Porsche, a famous car producer, has a model which was considered perhaps the best sport car on the market Priced at over $120,000, it handles perfectly well and has great speed acceleration. But in 2004, the producer introduced some changes which made the model slightly better in handling and acceleration. People who really care about cars find these small improvements exciting. To get them, however, they must pay almost four times the price.
By placing the desire to be superior to others at the heart of his description of insatiable demands, Keynes actually reduced such demands. However, the desire for higher quality has no natural limits.
【小題1】According to the passage, John Keynes believed that_______.
| A．desire is the root of both absolute and relative needs |
| B．a(chǎn)bsolute needs come from our sense of superiority |
| C．relative needs alone lead to insatiable demands |
| D．a(chǎn)bsolute needs are stronger than relative needs |
| A．They want to show their superiority. |
| B．They find specialty important to meals. |
| C．Their demands for food are not easily satisfied. |
| D．Their choice of dinner is |
| A．Understanding. | B．Increase | C．Difference | D．Study |
| A．a(chǎn)bsolute needs have no limits |
| B．demands for quality are not insatiable |
| C．human desires influence ideas of quality |
| D．relative needs decide most of our spending |
科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從36至50各題所給的四個選項（A、B、C、D）中,選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
People who are cheerful and relaxed are less likely to suffer from colds．It's 36 that being full of vim（活力） and vigor（精力） helps the body 37 illnesses, say the researchers from Carnegie Mellon University（CMU） in Pittsburgh．
"We need to take more seriously the possibility that a 38 emotional style is a fighter player in disease risk," says psychologist Sheldon Cohen, the study's lead researcher．
In a previous study, Cohen and his colleagues found that people who 39 to be cheerful and lively were 40 likely to develop sniffles, coughs, and other cold symptoms （癥狀）．
Those findings were interesting, but they didn't prove that a person's 41 affects whether he or she gets sick． 42 it was still possible that a person's underlying personality is 43 matters．
44 suggests, for instance, that certain people are naturally more likely to be outgoing（外向的）and 45 , with high self-respect and a sense of 46 over life．This would mean that who we are, not how we feel, finally decides our 47 of catching colds．
To figure out which mattered more （personality or 48 ）, the CMU team 49 193 healthy adults．The researchers talked to each person over the phone every evening for 2 weeks．They told the researchers about the positive and negative 50 they had experienced that day．
The results showed that everyone in the study was 51 likely to get infected．Their symptoms（征兆）, however, 52 depending on the types of emotions that they had reported over the 53 2 weeks．
Scientists 54 about whether negative emotions or positive emotions have a stronger 55 on how healthy we are．For now, it can't hurt to look on the bright side more often than not!
A．necessary B．possible C．doubtful D．certain
A．fight B．reduce C．stop D．remove
A．negative B．standard C．passive D．positive
A．failed B．managed C．tended D．had
A, most B．least C．quite D．indeed
A．thought B．a(chǎn)ttitude C．strength D．quality
A．Instead B．Therefore C．Thus D．Still
A．that B．why C．what D．who
A．Theory B．Reason C．Evidence D．interview
A．a(chǎn)ctive B．optimistic C．brave D．healthy
A．control B．humour C．direction D．urgency
A．a(chǎn)ttitudes B．sufferings C．chances D．emotions
A．qualities B．ideas C．emotions D．conditions
A．examined B．watched C．tested D．interviewed
A．characters B．feelings C．a(chǎn)ttitudes D．thoughts
A．equally B．less C．most D．hardly
A．occurred B．differed C．suffered D．reduced
A．same B．exact C．valuable D．previous
A．talk B．know C．a(chǎn)rgue D．think
A．effect B．feeling C．impression D．impact
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科目：高中英語 來源：2010年山東省聊城四中高二下學期期末考試英語卷 題型：完型填空
閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從36至50各題所給的四個選項（A、B、C、D）中,選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
People who are cheerful and relaxed are less likely to suffer from colds．It's 36 that being full of vim（活力） and vigor（精力） helps the body 37 illnesses, say the researchers from Carnegie Mellon University（CMU） in Pittsburgh．
"We need to take more seriously the possibility that a 38 emotional style is a fighter player in disease risk," says psychologist Sheldon Cohen, the study's lead researcher．
In a previous study, Cohen and his colleagues found that people who 39 to be cheerful and lively were 40 likely to develop sniffles, coughs, and other cold symptoms （癥狀）．
Those findings were interesting, but they didn't prove that a person's 41 affects whether he or she gets sick． 42 it was still possible that a person's underlying personality is 43 matters．
44 suggests, for instance, that certain people are naturally more likely to be outgoing（外向的）and 45 , with high self-respect and a sense of 46 over life．This would mean that who we are, not how we feel, finally decides our 47 of catching colds．
To figure out which mattered more （personality or 48 ）, the CMU team 49 193 healthy adults．The researchers talked to each person over the phone every evening for 2 weeks．They told the researchers about the positive and negative 50 they had experienced that day．
The results showed that everyone in the study was 51 likely to get infected．Their symptoms（征兆）, however, 52 depending on the types of emotions that they had reported over the 53 2 weeks．
Scientists 54 about whether negative emotions or positive emotions have a stronger 55 on how healthy we are．For now, it can't hurt to look on the bright side more often than not!
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科目：高中英語 來源：2016屆浙江省高一上學期期中英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Earlier this year I traveled to Turkana in Kenya. I was there to take pictures of the “broken food system”.
As a special visitor, I was greeted with songs and dances. The locals used to sing and dance all the time but now Turkana is silent and has been for some years. No one is singing or dancing any more because they have no food, nothing to celebrate. Many of them are surviving on a little corn a day and water, which they can get just every two days.
I met Tede Lokapelo, a local farmer who described the experience of a six-year drought(干旱). Tede used to have 200 goats, but now he has only seven left. He told me that this drought has taught him a hard lesson: It is too difficult to keep animals. He lives on animals. His traditional way of life has been completely destroyed now. Without the food aid(援助) they got, Tede is certain that they would starve because there are no other ways to feed themselves left.
Sadly, the same can be heard in almost any developing country around the world. Almost one billion people go to bed hungry each night. The food system is broken. In Turkana, not enough rain has fallen since 2005. They measure(測量) rainfall not in days or weeks but in minutes. More and more people are being forced to rely on food aid, but people like Tede don’t want food aid. They want to work and develop their country. It’s our responsibility(責任) to change the situation so that they can support themselves.
Drought is impossible to avoid but famine(饑荒) is manmade, and unless enough money is provided to develop a basic infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) for people in the area, thousands more lives are sure to be lost.
1. Why do people in Turkana no longer sing or dance any more?
A. Because they have no time.
B. Because they are tired of them.
C. Because they are always hungry.
D. Because they have other interesting things to do.
2.During the drought Tede had experienced, ______of his goats were killed.
A. 200 B. 193 C. 7 D. 6
3. Which of the following is NOT true about Tede Lokapelo?
A. He was a farmer in Kenya.
B. He has never received any food aid.
C. His traditional way of life ha s been changed.
D. He found it hard to raise animals after the drought.
4.What’s the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To show drought is serious in the world.
B. To tell readers the serious situation of food shortage(短缺).
C. To ask more people to give food aid to people in Kenya.
D. To make it clear what is the right way to help people suffering from drought.
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科目：高中英語 來源：2011年四川省高二下學期期末考試英語題 題型：閱讀理解
New York: Staying positive through the cold season could be your best defence against getting ill, new study findings suggest.
In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus, researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition were less likely to fall ill. The findings, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, build on evidence that a “positive emotional style” can help protect us from the common cold and other illnesses.
Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective----as in happiness improving immune, function----and subjective----as in happy people being less troubled by a sore throat or funny nose. "People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus," explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. "And when they do get a cold, they may interpret their illness as being less severe."
Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less likely to catch a cold, but some questions remained as to whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.
For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits, self-perceived health and emotional "style." Those who tended to be happy, energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style, while those who were often unhappy, tense and hostile had a negative style.
The researchers gave them nasal(鼻的) drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus. Over the next six days, the volunteers reported on any aches, pains, sneezing or congestion they had, while the researchers collected objective data, like daily mucus production. Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes, happy people were less likely to develop a cold.
1.Which is the best title for the passage?
A. Stay Away From Being Negative
B. Positive or Negative, It’s Up To You
C. An Effective Medicine For Being Fit
D. Warm People Likely To Keep Cold Away
2.According to Dr Cohen’s research, the reason why some people are unlikely to catch a cold is that ___________________.
A. their cheerful mood benefits the immune system
B. they have developed a certain gene against flu virus
C. they are less likely to have s sore throat and funny nose
D. they have got a stronger self-confidence in their health
3.The underlined word “disposition” (paragraph 2) probably means ________.
A. character B. day C. future D. occupation
4.The passage is probably written for ___________________.
A. medical students B. lead authors C. the public D. the volunteers
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科目：高中英語 來源：2010年山東省高二下學期期末考試英語卷 題型：完型填空
閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從36至50各題所給的四個選項（A、B、C、D）中,選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
People who are cheerful and relaxed are less likely to suffer from colds．It's 36 that being full of vim（活力） and vigor（精力） helps the body 37 illnesses, say the researchers from Carnegie Mellon University（CMU） in Pittsburgh．
"We need to take more seriously the possibility that a 38 emotional style is a fighter player in disease risk," says psychologist Sheldon Cohen, the study's lead researcher．
In a previous study, Cohen and his colleagues found that people who 39 to be cheerful and lively were 40 likely to develop sniffles, coughs, and other cold symptoms （癥狀）．
Those findings were interesting, but they didn't prove that a person's 41 affects whether he or she gets sick． 42 it was still possible that a person's underlying personality is 43 matters．
44 suggests, for instance, that certain people are naturally more likely to be outgoing（外向的）and 45 , with high self-respect and a sense of 46 over life．This would mean that who we are, not how we feel, finally decides our 47 of catching colds．
To figure out which mattered more （personality or 48 ）, the CMU team 49 193 healthy adults．The researchers talked to each person over the phone every evening for 2 weeks．They told the researchers about the positive and negative 50 they had experienced that day．
The results showed that everyone in the study was 51 likely to get infected．Their symptoms（征兆）, however, 52 depending on the types of emotions that they had reported over the 53 2 weeks．
Scientists 54 about whether negative emotions or positive emotions have a stronger 55 on how healthy we are．For now, it can't hurt to look on the bright side more often than not!
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