Question

Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior.

One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study.

They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner's Dilemma. The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group，so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players. Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least. The study appeared last month in the journal Science.

The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on

violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children were two to four years old the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children were five to nine years old. The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not.

The study says the IQs of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were. In the older group，the difference was almost three points. The more they are spanked, the slower their mental development.

(   ) 4. According to the first study，we mainly know that        .

     A.   the game is called Prisoner's Dilemma

    B.   the less a group punished itself,the lower its earnings

    C.   adults are much more cooperative if rewarded

    D.   the game is introduced in the journal Science

(   ) 5.Which of the following is true according to the second study?

     A.  Children' s IQs has much to do with physical punishment.

    B.  The study is about violence and abuse of children.

    C.  The children tested were divided into groups of four.

    D.  Children' s mental development only relies on their IQs. 

(   ) 6. What does the underlined word "spanked" refer to?

A. Punished.    B. Blamed.    C. Tested.    D. Praised.

(   ) 7. What might be the best title for the text?

     A.  The Best Way to Correct Misbehavior

    B.  Punishment Is the Best Way of Education

    C.  Cooperation Is the Most Successful Behavior

    D.  Punishment or Reward：Which Works Better on Behavior?

Answer 1

4. C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。選項A的游戲名稱是錯誤的；選項B表述的結(jié)果正好相反；選項D講的是其結(jié)果在《科學(xué)》雜志發(fā)表。從第二段的第一句可知應(yīng)選C項。

5. A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從最后一段第一句可知體罰對孩子的智商有很大影響；選項B說的是對孩子暴力虐待的研究，文章主題并非如此；選項C說的孩子四人一組，應(yīng)是第一項研究的分組方式，第二項研究應(yīng)是分成兩組；選項D說的是孩子們的智力開發(fā)只靠他們的智商，與文章內(nèi)容不符_c

6. A詞義猜測題。從上下文判斷，該詞并非責(zé)備、測試或表揚的意思，應(yīng)是"懲罰"的意思。

7. D主旨大意題。文章第一句話即為主題句。縱觀全文，所做的兩個研究主要是對比處罰和獎勵對人們行為的影響。