18．Lady Gaga has put off her concerts because of the difficulties       by the ongoing strikes．（　�。�
A．causedB．causingC．to be causedD．having caused

分析 由于持續(xù)罷工造成的困難，Lady Gaga推遲了她的演唱會．

解答 答案：A
根據(jù)題干by的提示可知，cause與其所修飾的difficulties之間構(gòu)成動賓即被動關(guān)系．另外，過去分詞done可表示一個被動的或完成的動作．所以cause需用過去分詞caused的形式作difficulties的后置定語．故選A．

點評 解題時需辨清非謂語動詞與其所修飾詞之間的關(guān)系：作定語時，to do表將要發(fā)生的動作；doing表正在進(jìn)行的一主動動作；done表一完成的被動動作．介詞by常表被動．

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