There is some unwelcome news for students preparing for exams and officers putting in long hours-----you don't need the break as much as you may think that makes you feel less tired.
Scientists have long assumed that willpower (意志力) is a limited resource, which is why you feel the need to have a rest, have a snack and come back to a task when you're feeling better. They argued that the only way to restore willpower was by rest, food or entertainment.
But psychologists have challenged this theory, saying weak willpower is all in your head. They found that people's beliefs in willpower determine how long and how well they'll be able to work on a tough mental exercise. "If you think of willpower as something that's limited, you're more likely to be tired when you perform a difficult task," said Prof.Veronika Job. "'But if you think of willpower as something that is not easily used up, you can go on and on."
The researchers designed four experiments to test students'-beliefs in willpower. After a tiring task, those, who believed or were led to believe that willpower is a limited resource, performed worse on standard concentration tests than those who thought of willpower as something they had more control over. They also found that leading up to final exam week, students who believed the limited resource theory ate junk food 24 percent more often than those who believed they had more control in resisting temptation (誘惑).
Mr. Job said. "The theory that willpower is a limited resource is interesting, but it has had unintended consequences. Students who may already have trouble studying are being told that their power of concentration is limited, and they need to take frequent breaks. But a belief in willpower as a non-limited resource makes people stronger in their ability to work through challenges.'"
The findings could help people who are" battling temptation. Willpower isn't driven by a biologically based process as much as we used to think. The belief in it is what influences your behavior.
【小題1】The theory that willpower is limited supports that _________.
| A．people must eat snacks when they feel tired |
| B．people do need a break to restore their willpower |
| C．there’s no way to strengthen people’s willpower |
| D．weak willpower doesn’t affect people’s life much |
| A．It is in the charge of people. |
| B．It is a limited resource. |
| C．There is no way to restore willpower. |
| D．It doesn’t easily run out. |
| A．Push themselves even if they want to take a break. |
| B．Don’t eat fast food while studying. |
| C．Remind themselves willpower is not limited. |
| D．Stay in a comfortable and quiet place. |
| A．patients following strict diets |
| B．children liking to watch TV |
| C．smokers trying to give up smoking |
| D．employees facing a new but well-paid task |
| A．A new theory about willpower | B．How to build strong willpower |
| C．The great influence of willpower | D．Willpower doesn’t last long |
【小題1】B
【小題2】B
【小題3】C
【小題4】D
【小題5】A
解析試題分析：人們長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)認(rèn)為意志力是有限的，所以人們累了就需要休息，但是一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，人的意志力是無(wú)限的，這會(huì)導(dǎo)致人們更加專(zhuān)注，對(duì)于那些和誘惑做斗爭(zhēng)的人，這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)是很有用的。
【小題1】細(xì)節(jié)題：從第二段的句子：They argued that the only way to restore willpower was by rest, food or entertainment.可知人們的意志力是有限的支持了：人們需要休息修復(fù)他們的意志力這種說(shuō)法，選B
【小題2】細(xì)節(jié)題：從文章第二段的句子：Scientists have long assumed that willpower (意志力) is a limited resource, which is why you feel the need to have a rest, have a snack and come back to a task when you're feeling better.可知科學(xué)家長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)認(rèn)為意志力是一個(gè)有限的資源，選B
【小題3】細(xì)節(jié)題：從文章第四段的句子：After a tiring task, those, who believed or were led to believe that willpower is a limited resource, performed worse on standard concentration tests than those who thought of willpower as something they had more control over.可知提醒孩子自己意志力不是有限的可以幫助他們更好的準(zhǔn)備考試。選C
【小題4】推理題：從最后一段的句子：The findings could help people who are" battling temptation.可知對(duì)那些要和誘惑作斗爭(zhēng)的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)是有用的。所以遵循嚴(yán)格飲食計(jì)劃的病人，喜歡看電視的孩子和想戒煙的抽煙者都可以從這項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)受益，而面對(duì)一個(gè)新的，但是報(bào)酬豐厚的任務(wù)的職員不能受益于這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)。選D
【小題5】標(biāo)題確定題：從那個(gè)全篇文章和第一段的句子：There is some unwelcome news for students preparing for exams and officers putting in long hours-----you don't need the break as much as you may think that makes you feel less tired.可知文章介紹了一個(gè)關(guān)于意志力的新發(fā)現(xiàn)，所以A是最好的標(biāo)題。
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源： 題型：閱讀理解
The airline lost your baggage. The hotel laundry(洗衣房) ruined your favorite shirt. The taxi driver overcharged you. When you're abroad, sometimes things go wrong. Now you can do something about it! Use these tips when you want to express an effective complaint in English.
No matter how unfair the situation, it's best to phrase your complaint politely. In English, you'll sound more polite if you use indirect language. Here are some examples:
“I'm sorry to bother you...” Starting a complaint like this puts the listener who may have heard many complaints that day at ease. Use this phrase if the situation isn't that serious. For example, "I'm sorry to bother you, but I wanted a baked potato, not fries."
“Can you help me with this?” Everyone would much rather be asked to do something than told! So try phrasing your complaint as a request for help: "Can you help me with this? My shirt came back from the laundry without buttons."
“I'm afraid there may be a misunderstanding.” This is a polite way of saying, "Your information is wrong. Please fix it now." You'll most likely use this phrase if you made reservations(預(yù)定) for a flight, hotel or restaurant, and when you arrive, it's not what you expected. For example, "I'm afraid there may be a misunderstanding. I requested a non-smoking room."
“I understand it's not your fault...” Often when you make a complaint, you deal with a person who was not directly responsible for the problem. But the problem isn't your fault, either! This phrase is helpful when you need swift action. Tell the person you're dealing with you understand they're not at fault and then directly state the problem: "I understand it's not your fault, but the airline promised they would deliver my baggage yesterday."
“Excuse me, but I understood that...” Using this phrase lets the person know you're well-informed and are suspicious they might be trying to take advantage of you. Don't say, "Hey! You're trying to cheat me!" Instead, start indirectly by stating what you know to be true: "I understood that the taxi ride to the airport was only 25 dollars." Then give them an opportunity to do the right thing.
【小題1】What’s the purpose of this passage?
| A．To give an introduction of life abroad. |
| B．To give suggestions on how to learn English. |
| C．To offer advice on giving complaints in English. |
| D．To offer guides to those who travel around the world. |
| A．state our complaints politely |
| B．go for the police immediately |
| C．use indirect language to hurt people |
| D．fight against the one who is responsible |
| A．Because the situation is never serious. |
| B．Because the listener may not speak English. |
| C．Because it can help solve the problem more easily. |
| D．Because we should be always in good manners abroad. |
| A．“Can you help me with this?” |
| B．“I understand it's not your fault.” |
| C．“Hey! You’re trying to cheat me!” |
| D．“I'm afraid there may be a misunderstanding.” |
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源： 題型：閱讀理解
In the new book The Education of Millionaires，Michael Ellsberg suggests that although“there are many wonderful things you can learn in college，”few of them are applied to real life ．So Ellsberg has written the book to tell“the capabilities and attitudes that will get you improved outside the classroom．”
I welcome the kind of debate about the value of higher education.It is necessary to remember， however，that Ellsberg also tells how important it is to make money．He mentions a number of college dropouts一such as Bill Gates and Michael Dell一to show how successful they have become without the benefit of a college degree．While Ellsberg stresses the achievements of dropouts，he includes degree holders who have become wealthy and famous．For example，of the current Fortune 500 CEOs，some 99％have a college degree．Similarly，of the Forbes 400 richest people in America，81％hold postseconda.ry（高等）degrees.
But in the discussion，what is forgotten about the value is that the purpose of education is not simply to enable one to earn a living but to prepare one for living over the course of life ．What is also left out of the debate about higher education is that its purpose is not just to provide a pathway covered with gold for the nation’s elites（精英）．If we have the discussion that way，we may look down upon the people who devote themselves to other ordinary jobs that form the basic structures（結(jié)構(gòu)）of our society，Though these individuals may not be reaching for the kind of stars that Michael Ellsberg and others would have them grasp，most are doing something even more important：they are involved in the useful tasks of good citizens and contributing to the common welfare，including providing for their families．
【小題1】In the book The Education of Millionaires，Michael Ellsberg＿＿＿．
| A．a(chǎn)pproves of the value of education |
| B．explains the reasons for dropping out |
| C．tells the way of getting out of college |
| D．discusses the practical value of college degrees |
| A．the value of higher education is never challenged |
| B．higher education ensures people making more money |
| C．most of the richest people received college education |
| D．success of dropouts proves the value of higher education |
| A．is keen on society charity work | B．calls for the equality of all man |
| C．speaks highly of the nation’s elites | D．shows respect to common people |
| A．persuade people to go to university |
| B．make a comment on a new book |
| C．complain about the college education |
| D．praise Michael Ellsberg for his hard work |
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源： 題型：閱讀理解
How can we measure animals’ emotions? A new study of animal’s emotions suggests that, as in humans, emotions can tell animals about how dangerous their world is, and guide the choices that they make. The article of the study by Bristol University’s professor Mike Mendl was published online.
An animal living in an environment where it is often threatened by predators(捕食者）will develop a negative emotion or “mood”, such as anxiety. However, one in an environment with plenty of opportunities to get resources for survival will be in a more positive mood state.
The researchers say that these emotional states not only show the animal’s experiences, but also help it decide how to make choices, especially in unclear situations. This could have good or bad results. An animal in a negative mood state will make a safety-first with a “pessimistic” response to an unclear event. For example, it considers a noise in the grass as a signal of the predator. At the same time, an animal in a positive mood state will benefit from a more “optimistic” response. It considers the noise as a signal of prey(獵物）.
Professor Mike Mendl, head of the Animal Welfare and Behavior Research Group at Bristol University’s School of Clinical Veterinary Science said, “ We can use “optimistic” or “pessimistic”decision-making as a symbol of an animal’s emotional state. Recent studies by our group and others suggest that this is a meritorious new approach to studying a variety of animal species.”
“Public interest in animal welfare remains high, with widespread concern about the way in which animals are treated, used and included in society. To understand how animals should be treated, we need to better understand their emotional lives,” Mike Mendl said. The researchers believe Mike Mendl’s study can help them to better understand and assess an animal’s emotions.
【小題1】When an animal is in a negative mood state, _______.
| A．its response to an unclear event is pessimistic |
| B．it will pay little attention to an unclear event |
| C．it is easy for it to make right decisions |
| D．it has more opportunities to get food |
| A．valuable | B．useless | C．fashionable | D．hopeless |
| A．the animals with positive emotions live longer |
| B．there is no way to assess an animal’s emotions |
| C．few people care about animal welfare nowadays |
| D．the environment can influence animal’s emotions |
| A．tell people to build more protected areas for animals |
| B．explain animals should be regarded as people’s friends |
| C．raise people’s interest in studying animals |
| D．make people know how to treat animals properly |
| A．Different kinds of Animals’ Emotions |
| B．Emotions Helps Animals to Make Choice |
| C．The Living Environment of Wild Animals |
| D．The Best Way to Measure Animals’ Emotions |
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源： 題型：閱讀理解
Researches at Johns Hopkins University's. Applied Physics laboratory ( APL) in Laurel , Maryland have designed a new human-like robot, Its name is Robo Sally. The machine can be controlled from a distance and can he used to do work that is dangerous for human beings.
Roho Sally has two long arms with human-like hands. She can use her fingers to pick up small objects .examine them in detail and do most things that human hands can do Each finger contains a tiny motor capable of squeezing 20 pounds of pinch foree ,.enough to defuse a bomb under the direction of an operator. She sits on a metal base with wheels that let her move around. turn in tight spaces and climb over small objects, .
Mike McLoughlin is the main investigator for the Applied Physics Laboratory's Prosthetics Program. "The purpose of that program is to develop prosthetic arms that have all the capability of your natural arms .and you do all the complex motions that we can do with the natural arm- with the robot. "
It was a difficult job. Mr. McLoughlin says the device had to have many small motors to。 have the ability to do what a human hand does; It also needs to have human-like strength. The thumb was especially difficult because it permits the hand .to hold objects. And everything had. to fit into a space about the size of a human hand.
The next problem .he says .was to figure out how to control the artificial hand. " So we had to figure out how to make the connection between the brain and this arm.
For search-and-rescue duties.Roho Sally will be operated by a human being using a wire- less machine that is far from the robot. The operator will also wear special gloves and glasses. The glasses permit the operator to see the robot's hands .even though they are far away.
Mr. McLoughlin says this kind of robots could be used in what he calls "dull , dirty or dan- gerous" situations where fine human finger movements are required. He says the technology is not ready for everyday application .but he predicts that within five years we will see some won- derful improvements.
【小題1】The underlined word " defuse" in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to "_________".
| A．remove | B．discover | C．equip | D．produce |
| A．They are expected to function as well as natural ones. |
| B．They have many large motors controlled by robots. |
| C．They have human-like strength to control the robot. |
| D．They are connected with human brains. |
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源： 題型：閱讀理解
In films, dads change from cruel men to loving souls. Here is a list of good and bad movies dads .Atticus Finch in To kill a Mockingbird（殺死一只知更鳥(niǎo)）
GOOD DAD:A man whose wife has died with a young family and a busy job as a lawyer, Gregory Peck's character in the 1962 film is one of the great heroes of American cinema Firm but fair he teaches his children respect and human decency（正派)．Harper Lee's novel gets a respectable transposition（轉(zhuǎn)變)to film, thanks to Gregory Peck's perfect performance.
Jack Torrance in The Shining
BAD DAD: When Jack Torrance ,his wife ,Wendy ,and son, Danny ,escaped from the cold winter to the Overlook Hotel we know that Jack has hardly been a model father But when Jack becomes extremely angry and tries to murder his family with an axe, Danny used his intelligence to defeat him and left him to freeze to death．
George Bailey in It's a Wonderful life
GOOD DAD: James Stewart's character is a father-of-four who is saved from the edge of suicide (自殺)and realizes his positive effect on others lives．Much of the film is unpleasant, with George shouting at his children as he faces financial problems. But finally the lovable father realizes the worth of his own life, the value of friendship and the importance of being a loving dad
Darth Vader in The Empire Strikes Back（帝國(guó)大廈）
BAD DAD: When the unfriendly cyborg（半機(jī)器人）told Luke Skywalker that he was his father ,the son's reaction says it all: "No! No!" It's hardly a joyful welcome to the family. For most of his son's life, Darth Vader has been an absent dad—and he has just cut off Luke's hand You can understand why Father's Day cards might not be available.
【小題1】Who is Harper Lee?
| A． An actor. | B． A novelist | C． A movie director. | D． A translator. |
| A． Jack Torrance | B． Wendy | C． Danny | D． Darth Vader |
| A．To kill a Mockingbird | B．The Shining |
| C．It's a Wonderful Lift | D．The Empire Strikes Book |
| A．He lost his hand in an accident |
| B．His father changed him into a cyborg. |
| C．He discovered that he had a cruel father: |
| D．His father lived with him for most of his life. |
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源： 題型：閱讀理解
Many people are aware of the beauty of a solar eclipse (日食), but are surprised to learn that lunar eclipses are often just as impressive. While total solar eclipse lasts only for a few minutes and can be seen only in a small area of a few kilometers, total lunar eclipse can last for several hours and can be seen over much of the planet. In fact, the beauty and stability of lunar eclipses make them a favorite of both amateur and professional photographers.
Lunar eclipses generally occur two or three times a year, and are possible only when the Moon is full. When we see the Moon, we are actually seeing sunlight reflected off the surface of the Moon When the Earth is positioned in between the Moon and the Sun, however, the Earth's shadow falls on the Moon, and a lunar eclipse occurs.
The type of lunar eclipse - total, partial, or penumbral (半影) - that occurs depends both on how much of the Moon passes through the Earth's shadow and through which part of the shadow it passes. A penumbral eclipse occurs when the Moon passes through the Earth's outer shadow. This type of eclipse is brief and frequently goes unobserved by all but astronomers. By contrast, total and partial eclipses occur when all or part, respectively, of the Moon passes through the umbra（本影） shadow of the Earth. These eclipses are quite easy to see and are widely observed.
Unlike solar eclipses, lunar eclipses are safe to watch. Solar radiation that occurs during an eclipse of the Sun can cause a form of burns of one's eyes known as eclipse blindness. In fact, the only way to safely view a solar eclipse is by using specially designed equipment. However, since the Moon's light is reflected sunlight, it is completely safe to watch a lunar eclipse without any special equipment, although a pair of binoculars can certainly help the viewer appreciate the beauty of this phenomenon
【小題1】The underlined word "stability " most probably means_______.
| A．strength | B．position | C．steadiness | D．visibility |
| A．when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth |
| B．when all of the Moon passes through the Earth's umbra shadow |
| C．when only a part of the Moon passes through the Earth's outer shadow |
| D．when only a part of the Moon passes through the Earth's umbra shadow |
| A．longer-lasting than most solar eclipses |
| B．more common than partial or full lunar eclipse |
| C．the result of the shadow cast by the Moon onto the Earth |
| D．more difficult to observe than other types of lunar eclipse |
| A．moonlight is less strong than sunlight |
| B．a(chǎn) lunar eclipse is briefer than a solar eclipse |
| C．a(chǎn) lunar eclipse lasts much longer than a solar eclipse |
| D．special equipment can be employed to view a lunar eclipse |
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源： 題型：閱讀理解
Everyone has got two personalities—the one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real. You don’t show your secret personality when you’re awake because you can control your behavior, but when you’re asleep, your sleeping position shows the real you. In a normal night, of course, people frequently change their position. The important position is the one that you go to sleep in.
If you go to sleep on your back, you’re a very open person. You normally trust people and you are easily influenced by fashion or new ideas. You don’t like to upset people, so you never express your real feelings. You’re quite shy and you aren’t very confident.
If you sleep on your stomach, you are a rather secretive(不坦率的) person. You worry a lot and you’re always easily upset. You’re very stubborn(頑固的), but you aren’t very ambitious. You’re usually live for today not for tomorrow. This means that you enjoy having a good time.
If you sleep curled up (卷曲), you are probably a very nervous person. You have a low opinion of yourself and so you’re often defensive. You’re shy and you don’t normally like meeting people. You prefer to be on your own. You’re easily hurt.
If you sleep on your side, you have usually got a well-balanced personality. You know your strengths and weaknesses. You’re usually careful. You have a confident personality. You sometimes feel anxious, but you don’t often get depressed. You always say what you think even if it annoys people.
【小題1】According to the writer, you naturally show your secret and real personality .
| A．only in a normal night |
| B．only when you go to sleep |
| C．only when you refuse to show yourself to the word |
| D．only when you change sleeping position |
| A．He or she is always open with others. |
| B．He or she always likes new ideas earlier than others. |
| C．He or she is always easily upset. |
| D．He or she tends to believe in others. |
| A．He or she is careful not to offend others. |
| B．He or she doesn’t want to stick to his or her opinion. |
| C．He or she can’t be successful in any business. |
| D．He or she likes to bring others happiness. |
| A．He or she would rather be alone than communicate with you. |
| B．He or she is rarely ready to help you. |
| C．He or she prefers staying at home to going out. |
| D．He or she wouldn’t like to get help from you. |
| A．he or she always shows sympathy for people |
| B．he or she is confident, but not stubborn |
| C．he or she has more strengths than weaknesses |
| D．he or she often considers annoying people |
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源： 題型：閱讀理解
With the Tesla Roadster and other plugin (插入式) electric vehicles hitting the road，demand is growing for accessible refueling points to recharge(充電) them. Carbon Day Automotive, a Chicagobased company，has now demonstrated（演示）a solarpowered recharging point, known as the Solar PlugIn Station，which lets motorists easily charge their cars using electricity that has been produced without any environmental damage.
The Solar PlugIn Station has gone on show in Chicago as part of the city’s bid（競(jìng)標(biāo)）to host the 2016 Olympic Games. According to Carbon Day Automotive，the Solar PlugIn Station on show in Chicago is part of the vital infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) required for electric vehicles in Chicago and was the focus of a recent visit by the International Olympic Committee.
These solarpowered electricity points will be used daily to fuel the city’s electric vehicles with power from the sun. By producing the electricity from pollutionfree solar cell, the CO2 emissions are reduced to zero.
“Solar energy and electric vehicles are a partnership that is one more step to reducing our dependence on foreign oil,” says Richard Lowenthal, CEO of Coulomb Technologies.Coulomb Technologies recently developed the components (部件) required for individual recharging stations，marketed as ChargePoint Networked Charging Stations.Carbon Day Automotive is the Midwest distributor for the ChargePoint stations. The Solar PlugIn Station consists of giant solar panels (電池板) that shade the tiny ChargePoint Networked Charging Station.The solar panel is connected to an underground battery pack，ready for everyday refueling.
“Without these stations it would be like driving around in a traditional car without the availability of gas stations，” says Scott Emalfarb，CEO at Carbon Day.“The day of true plugin electric vehicles will be here sooner than most people realize and the world needs to be ready to accommodate（為……提供場(chǎng)地）them.”
【小題1】The Solar PlugIn Station is used as part of the bid to host the Olympics mainly because ________.
| A．it’s environmentally friendly |
| B．it makes up for the lack of electricity |
| C．it’s a new idea and attracts people’s attention |
| D．it brings convenience to electric vehicle users |
| A．to recharge the electric vehicles takes a long time |
| B．the Solar PlugIn Station will come into use in 2016 |
| C．the Solar PlugIn Station has gone on show internationally |
| D．Chicago is promoting the use of electric vehicles |
| A．2. | B．3. | C．4. | D．5. |
| A．more visitors will come to Chicago |
| B．the citizens of Chicago will be able to go to work faster |
| C．more space for electric vehicles will be needed |
| D．the cost of electric vehicles will be lower than traditional cars |
| A．Chicago Will Soon Be Full of Electric Vehicles |
| B．Chicago Calls on People to Buy Electric Vehicles |
| C．Chicago Fights for Its Bid to Host the 2016 Olympics |
| D．Chicago Shows Its Solarpowered Recharging Stations |
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