Our culture is the system we use to build our identity. All living creatures are part of a culture. Even animals have a culture! So what is culture? It’s the way we behave in a group. It begins with each individual family. Within our families we do things to build relationships with each other. This can include routines for doing things. It also includes traditions. Traditions are activities that are repeated on a regular basis.
Culture is not limited to individual family groups. The real strength of culture is in larger community (社會)groups. These larger groups are called societies. Every society makes rules for itself. It decides how people should act in different situations. Some of these rules are written down. Some are just things that are automatically expected of all members of that society. Often, cultures can be identified(識別)by what the people believe. Cultures are also known by what they choose to include in their art. Sometimes a society forms around people who speak the same language. Cultures may also be known for their customs, including the foods they make and the things they do.
Our cultures help us understand who we are and what we believe. There are very strong emotions(情感)connecting us to our own society. Two different cultures may disagree on something, especially if they both feel strongly about it. When that happens, war is a common result. People are learning better ways to communicate with each other. The more we learn, the more we appreciate the differences in cultures.
【小題1】Which of the following is not true?
A.Every society has its own culture. |
B.Every one with an identity card has his own culture. |
C.Animals have their cultures. |
D.Culture and traditions are connected. |
A.A religion that a certain people practice |
B.Greetings sent to people we love during spring festival |
C.Face-changing in Sichuan Opera |
D.Someone’s personal habit of staying up very late |
A.Modern societies have written down all the rules for behavior. |
B.Plants themselves have no culture. |
C.Disagreement between two societies always leads to war. |
D.Strong emotions that connect us to our society should be got rid of. |
A.cultural exchanges may help reduce the risk of war |
B.a(chǎn)ll disagreements are caused by strong feelings |
C.differences in culture always cause disagreements |
D.people haven’t tried different ways to communicate |
【小題1】B
【小題2】D
【小題3】B
【小題4】A
解析試題分析: 文化是人們在群體生活中表現(xiàn)出來的行為,所有的生物都是文化的一部分,甚至動物也有文化。本文主要介紹了文化及其范疇。
【小題1】B細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段Every society makes rules for itself.可知A選項正確。根據(jù)第一段Even animals have a culture! 可知C選項正確。根據(jù)第一段It also includes traditions.可知D選項正確。用排除法,故選B。
【小題2】D細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章可知文化包含人們生活中的傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣和藝術(shù)、語言的表現(xiàn)形式。瀏覽選項發(fā)現(xiàn)D.Someone’s personal habit of staying up very late屬于個人習(xí)慣,而不是人們?nèi)后w的習(xí)慣行為,故不屬于文化。故選D。
【小題3】B推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段All living creatures are part of a culture. 可知所有活著的生物都是文化的一部分。結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容可知,只有有生命、能表達情感的生物才有文化,植物本身是不存在文化的。故選B。
【小題4】A推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段When that happens, war is a common result. People are learning better ways to communicate with each other.可知當(dāng)文化發(fā)生碰撞時就會產(chǎn)生戰(zhàn)爭,但人們交流的越多,就越珍惜文化差異而不會以戰(zhàn)爭來解決問題。故選A。
考點:考查說明類短文閱讀
科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:閱讀理解
Poor Oral Health Leads to Social and Emotional Problems
A new report says nearly four-billion people have major tooth decay, or cavities. That number represents more than half of the world's population. Health officials are warning that failure to repair cavities can lead to social and emotional problems.
Wagner Marcenes is with the Institute of Dentistry at Queen Mary, University of London. He led a team of researchers as part of the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. About 500 researchers attempt to collect and examine studies about all major diseases. They used the information to estimate rates of the infection.
The report says untreated tooth decay is the most common of all 291 major diseases and injuries. Professor Marcenes says cavities or holes in permanent teeth are also known as caries.
"Caries is a chronic disease that shares the same risk factors as cancer, cardiovascular disease. What we're having now is an increase in disease from highly developed countries happening in sub-Saharan Africa and probably it will be in other areas of Africa, too."
He says an increase in tooth decay in Africa could be a result of developing countries becoming more like Western nations.
"It is likely to be related to a change in diet. Our industrialized diet leads to chronic disease, which includes caries. And that may be the main explanation."
Western diets are rich in sugar, a leading cause of health problems in the mouth. Wagner Marcenes says oral health problems can have a major effect on a person's quality of life. First, cavities make eating difficult. Second, people may change what they eat. They may eat softer foods that are not hard to chew. However, softer foods are often fattier foods.
But professor Marcenes says the biggest issue in tooth decay is both social and mental. He says the researchers found strong evidence that the mouth has a big influence on socialization. He says many people want to hide bad teeth. They smile less and communicate less.
Wagner Marcenes is calling for an "urgent, organized, social response" to the widespread lack of oral health. He believes in a natural method to fight tooth decay by having a healthier diet. He is also calling for the development of new and less costly dental materials and treatments.
【小題1】From the passage, we know that Wagner Marcenes ______.
A.works as the leader of the Institute of Dentistry at Queen Mary, University of London. |
B.a(chǎn)nd his researchers accumulate some studies to find out some ways to cure all major disease. |
C.is in charge of the activity to estimate the infection rate with the collected and examined studies about all major studies. |
D.thinks that the most serious problem caused by tooth decay is cancer that will last for a long time. |
A.is listed in the most common of all 291 major diseases and injuries which will last for a long time.. |
B.is closely related to industrialized diet which calls for people to eat slowly. |
C.increases in Africa now because developing countries are becoming developed countries. |
D.will cause phychological disorder which will affect people’s communication. |
A.a(chǎn)rouse people’s concern about caries and take measures to deal with it. |
B.tell the result of the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. |
C.warn people in Africa to adjust their diet to prevent caries. |
D.tell doctors that caries affects a person’s quality of life. |
A.indifferent | B.concerned | C.a(chǎn)ngry | D.negative |
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科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:閱讀理解
In the past, man did not have to think about protection of the environment. There were very few people on the earth, and natural resources seemed to be unlimited.
Today things are different. The world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly, and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on the earth will not survive.
Everyone realizes today that if too many fish are taken from the sea, there will soon be none left. Yet, with modern fishing methods, more and more fish are caught. We know that if too many trees are cut down, forests will disappear and nothing will grow on land. Yet, we continue to use more powerful machines to cut down more and more trees.
We realize that if rivers are polluted with waste products from factories, we will die. However, in most countries waste is still put into rivers, but there are few laws to stop this.
We also know that if the population of the countries in the world is to rise at the present rate in a few years, there will not be enough food.
What can we do to solve these problems?
If we eat more vegetables and less meat, there will be more food available for everyone. Land that is used to grow crops can feed five times more people than land where animals are kept.
Our natural resources will last longer if we learn to recycle them.
The world population will not rise so quickly if people use modern methods of birth control.
Finally, if all of us think about the problem, we will have a better and cleaner planet in the future.
【小題1】This passage mainly tells us about ______.
A.the problems we are facing today about environment and the ways to solve them |
B.the unlimited natural resources in the world |
C.our rivers are being polluted by waste from factories |
D.the ways early man protected the environment |
A.If we eat more vegetables, more food can be saved. |
B.In the past, there was no need for people to think about environmental protection. |
C.If we keep on cutting trees, forests will disappear. |
D.We shouldn’t take more and more fish out of the sea, or there will soon be no fish left. |
A.Man is cleverer than any other animal. |
B.Man will destroy himself if he doesn’t solve the problem. |
C.Modern fishing methods are helpful in our fishing industry. |
D.We should make more laws in order to survive. |
A.will never be used up | B.a(chǎn)re being polluted |
C.a(chǎn)re as plentiful as in the past | D.a(chǎn)re being used up very quickly |
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科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:完型填空
He came into the room to shut the windows while we were still in bed and I saw he looked ill. He was shivering, his face was white, and he walked slowly as though it ached to move.
"What's the matter, Schatz?"
"I've got a headache."
"You better go back to bed."
"No. I'm all right."
"You go to bed. I'll see you when I'm dressed."
But when I came downstairs he was dressed, sitting by the fire, looking a very sick and miserable boy of nine years. When I put my hand on his forehead I knew he had a fever.
"You go up to bed," I said, "You're sick."
"I'm all right," he said.
When the doctor came he took the boy's temperature.
"What's is it?" I asked him.
"One hundred and two."
Downstairs, the doctor left three different medicines in different colored capsules(膠囊) with instructions for giving them. One was to bring down the fever, another a purgative(瀉藥), the third to overcome an acid condition. The germs of influenza(流感)can only exist in an acid condition, he explained. He seemed to know all about influenza and said there was nothing to worry about if the fever did not go above one hundred and four degrees. This was a light epidemic(傳染;傳染性的) of flu and there was no danger if you avoided pneumonia(肺炎).
Back in the room I wrote the boy's temperature down and made a note of the time to give the various capsules.
"Do you want me to read to you?"
"All right. If you want to, " said the boy. His face was very white and there were dark areas under his eyes. He lay still in the bed and seemed very detached(超然的;冷漠的)from what was going on.
I read aloud from Howard Pyle's Book of Pirates(海盜);but I could see he was not following what I was reading.
"How do you feel, Schatz?" I asked him.
"Just the same, so far," he said.
I sat at the foot of the bed and read to myself while I waited for it to be time to give another capsule. It would have been natural for him to go to sleep, but when I looked up he was looking at the foot of the bed, looking very strangely.
"Why don't you try to sleep? I'll wake you up for the medicine."
"I'd rather stay awake."
After a while he said to me, "You don't have to stay in here with me, Papa, if it bothers you."
"It doesn't bother me."
"No, I mean you don't have to stay if it's going to bother you."
I thought perhaps he was a little lightheaded and after giving him the prescribed capsules at eleven o'clock I went out with my gun and the young hunting dog….I killed two quail(鵪鶉), and missed five, and started back pleased to have found a covey of quail close to the house and happy there were so many left to find on another day.
At the house they said the boy had refused to let anyone come into the room.
"You can't come in," he said. "You mustn't get what I have."
I went up to him and found him in exactly the position I had left him, white-faced, but with the tops of his cheeks flushed(發(fā)紅)by the fever, staring still, as he had stared, at the foot of the bed.
I took his temperature.
"What is it?"
"Something like a hundred," I said. It was one hundred and two and four tenths.
"It was a hundred and two," he said.
"Who said so?"
"The doctor."
"Your temperature is all right," I said. "It's nothing to worry about."
"I don't worry," he said, "but I can't keep from thinking."
"Don't think," I said. "Just take it easy."
"I'm taking it easy," he said and looked straight ahead, He was evidently holding tight onto himself about something.
"Take this with water."
"Do you think it will do any good?"
"Of course it will."
I sat down and opened the Pirate book and began to read, but I could see he was not following, so I stopped.
"About what time do you think I'm going to die?" he asked.
"What?"
"About how long will it be before I die?"
"You aren't going to die. What's the matter with you? "
"Oh, yes, I am, I heard him say a hundred and two."
"People don't die with a fever of one hundred and two. That's a silly way to talk."
"I know they do. At school in France the boys told me you can't live with forty-four degrees. I've got a hundred and two."
He had been waiting to die all day, ever since nine o'clock in the morning.
"You poor Schatz," I said. "Poor old Schatz. It's like miles and kilometers. You aren't going to die. That's different thermometer(溫度計). On that thermometer thirty-seven is normal. On this kind it's ninety-eight."
"Are you sure?"
"Absolutely," I said, "It's like miles and kilometers. You know, like how many kilometers we make when we do seventy miles in the car?"
"Oh," he said.
But his gaze at the foot of the bed relaxed slowly. The hold over himself relaxed too, finally, and the next day it was very slack(松馳的) and he cried very easily at little things that were of no importance.
【小題1】The author writes about the doctor’s visit in order to _____.
A.show the doctor’s knowledge about influenza and its treatment |
B.show the boy’s illness was quite serious |
C.create a situation of misunderstanding around which to build a story |
D.show the father was very much concerned about the boy’s illness |
A.the boy’s high temperature |
B.the father giving the medicine to the boy |
C.the father staying with the boy |
D.the boy’s death |
A.early in the afternoon | B.close to evening |
C.a(chǎn)t noon | D.late in the morning |
A.he did not want to be a bother to others |
B.he wanted to recover quickly so that he could go hunting with his father |
C.he was afraid that he would die if he lost control over himself |
D.he thought he was going to die and he must show courage in the face of death |
A.he couldn’t control his emotions when he finally relaxed |
B.his father would go out hunting without him if he didn’t cry |
C.something went wrong with his brain after the fever |
D.he often complained about unimportant things as a spoiled boy |
A.death is something beyond a child’s comprehension |
B.to be calm and controlled in the face of death is a mark of courage |
C.misunderstanding can occur even between father and son |
D.misunderstanding can sometimes lead to an unexpected effect |
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科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:閱讀理解
Cooler temperatures, attractive colors, smaller crowds autumn is the perfect time for travel and tourism. Here, three places are listed as the best fall trip destinations. Don’t worry if you can’t go to these places. By reading this page, we hope to take you on grand tour and let you experience fun and culture around the world.
Cannstatter Volkfest, Stuttgart, Germany Stuttgart’s Cannstatter Volkfest is listed as the world’s second largest beer-drinking event––– following Munich’s Oktoberfest. But it is considered Germany’s more authentic celebration of local heritage and, of course, beer. Started as an agricultural fair in 1818––– a symbolic 24-meter-high “fruit column” pays homage (敬意) to the past ––– the three-week festival (from September 23 to October 9 this year) features live music, a re-created Alpine village, and carnival rides. In addition, Stuttgart is recognized as a global car capital. Both the Mercedes-Benz and Porsche museums are worth a visit. |
Churchill, Manitoba, Canada Here in the northern Canadian town at Hudson Bay, visitors can see the area’s most famous fall residents ––– polar bears. More than a thousand of the world’s largest land carnivores migrate through the “polar bear capital of the world” during October and November, when the first ice forms on the edge of Hudson Bay. The frozen conditions make it easier for hungry bears to hunt for seals (by walking instead of swimming). Under the snowy, winter weather, visitors can hardly have too many clothes to put on. Insulated boots, jackets, and gloves; layered clothing; thermal underwear; and woolen socks and hats are required. |
Dublin, Ireland The Ireland’s capital and largest city is a center for arts, entertainment, culture and commerce. With few tourists and lower temperatures, fall is the ideal season for walking the historic Georgian streets and cruising the River Liffey. Visitors can explore the city’s 20 square kilometers of public gardens, nature reserves, and parks, including St. Stephen’s Green, which borders Grafton Street, one of the world’s most expensive retail locations. Along the way, enjoy traditional, paper-wrapped fish and chips at Leo Burdock. Healthier eats will be on the menu on October 31, when more than 12,000 runners are expected for the National Lottery Dublin Marathon, named “the Friendly Marathon” for the friendly crowds cheering there. |
A.care for fun and culture around the world |
B.have planned to go for traveling this autumn |
C.hate to have their holidays in other seasons |
D.have not ever been to Europe and America |
A.enjoy live music at the beer – drinking festival |
B.watch polar bears hunt seals |
C.taste traditional, paper–wrapped fish and clips |
D.win a prize in “the Friendly Marathon” |
A.Car exhibitions will be held for two months |
B.It’s not necessary to take more clothes with you to Churehill, Martitoba |
C.The beer–drinking event in German dates from the eighteenth century |
D.Your favourite goods might be available in the expensive shop in Dublin |
A.economics | B.science |
C.tourism | D.fashion |
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科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:閱讀理解
Most people think the first pies were made by early Romans. They may have learned about pie making from the Greeks. These pies were sometimes made in"reeds (蘆葦葉)", which were used for the purpose of holding the filling (餡 ), and were not eaten.
The Romans spread the word about pies around Europe and the word"pie"became a popular word in the 14th century. The first pie recipe (食譜) was also published by the Romans.
Pies first appeared in England as early as the twelfth century. The early pies were mostly meat pies. There was actually more crust(皮)than filling. Often these pies were made from fowl ( 家禽) and the fowl's legs were left to hang over the side of the dish and used as handles. Fruit pies were probably first made in the 1500s. It is said that Queen Elizabeth I made the first cherry pie.
Pie came to America with the first English settlers. The early settlers cooked their pies in long narrow pans. As in the Roman times, the early American pie crusts were often not eaten, but simply used to hold the filling during baking(高@考☆資&源*網(wǎng)烘焙).
Over the years, pie has become what it is today --- "the most traditional American dessert". Pie has become so much a part of American culture that we now often use the phrase "as American as apple pie".
【小題1】Which people might probably first grasp the skill to make pies?
A.The Romans. | B.The Greeks. |
C.The Englishmen. | D.The Americans. |
A.English settlers brought pies to America. |
B.Early Romans ate not only pies but also the crusts. |
C.The Romans first published pie recipe. |
D.The word “pie ” became popular because of the Romans` efforts. |
A.Americans use long narrow pans to cook pies. |
B.People use "as American as apple pie" to show something about American characteristics. |
C.Americans don't eat crusts but use them to hold the filling during baking. |
D.Pies are the most traditional American dessert. |
A.The History of Pies | B.Pies, the Delicious Food |
C.Pies, American Dessert | D.How to Make Pies |
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科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:閱讀理解
Here is some must-know information from a handbook on how people behave in doing business in some countries.
In Brazil
Brazilians are warm and friendly. They often stand close when talking and it is common for them to touch the person on the shoulder. People often greet each other (particularly women) with light cheek kisses. Schedules tend to be flexible, with business meetings sometimes starting later than planned. But to be safe, be on time. Meals can stretch for hours—there’s no such thing as rushing a meal in Brazil. Lunches also can start in the mid to late afternoon. Brazilians are social, preferring face-to-face communication over mails or phone calls.
In Singapore
Singaporeans shake hands when they meet and often also greet each other with a small, polite bow. Business cards should be offered and received with two hands. Arriving late is considered disrespectful. So be on time. Efficiency(效率) is the goal, so meetings and dealings often are fast-paced. Singaporeans are direct in their discussions, even when the subject is about money. Rank is important and authority is respected. This determines both people interact in meetings. For example, people avoid disagreeing outright with someone with a higher rank.
In the United Arab Emirates
In the UAE, status is important, so the most senior or oldest should be greeted first with their titles. The handshake seems to be longer than elsewhere. So, do not pull away the handshake. Women should cover themselves when it comes to dress. Men also tend to be covered from neck to elbows(肘部) and down to the knees. People do not avoid entertaining in their homes, but they also hold business meals at restaurants. Touching or passing food or eating with your left hand is to be avoided. When meetings are one-to-one, if your host offers you coffee, you should refuse. It might seem odd, but it is a cultural tradition. Coffee should only be accepted if it is always set out or presented.
In Switzerland
The Swiss tend to be formal and address each other by last name. They also are respectful of private lives. You should be careful not to ask about personal topics. Punctuality (守時) is vital, something that comes from a deep respect for others’ time. Arrive at any meeting or event a few minutes early to be safe. They also have clear structure in their companies. Higher-ups make the final decisions, even if others might disagree. Neat, clean dress is expected. The Swiss follow formal table manners. They also keep their hands visible at the table and their elbows off the table. It is polite to finish the food on your plate.
【小題1】The passage is mainly about ________.
A.communication types |
B.the workplace atmosphere |
C.customs and social manners |
D.living conditions and standards |
A.They put efficiency in the first place. |
B.They dislike face-to-face communication. |
C.They want to finish meetings as quickly as possible. |
D.They are supposed to obey the person of a higher rank. |
A.When greeting seniors. |
B.When meeting the host alone. |
C.When attending a presentation. |
D.When dining with business partners. |
A.In Brazil. | B.In Singapore. |
C.In the United Arab Emirate. | D.In Switzerland. |
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科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:閱讀理解
Working with a group of baboons (狒狒)in the Namibian desert, Dr. Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology,Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, while others had to learn for themselves. To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were, Dr. Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.
She found that personality had a major impact on learning. The braver baboons learnt, but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did. In effect, despite being made aware of what to do, they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did.
The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.
This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals, something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things. The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive (認(rèn) 知的)tasks not because they aren’t clever enough to solve them,but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information.
The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning. If some individuals are unable to get information from others because they don’t associate with the knowledgeable individuals,or they are too shy to use the information once they have it,information may not travel between all group members, preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.
【小題1】What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A.The design of Dr. Carter’s research. |
B.The results of Dr. Carter’s research. |
C.The purpose of Dr. Carter’s research. |
D.The significance of Dr. Carter’s research. |
A.Those that have more experience. |
B.Those that can avoid potential risks. |
C.Those that like to work independently. |
D.Those that feel anxious about learning. |
A.Some baboons are intelligent but slow in learning. |
B.Some baboons are shy but active in social activities. |
C.Some baboons observe others but don’t follow them. |
D.Some baboons perform new tasks but don’t concentrate. |
A.storing information |
B.learning from each other |
C.understanding different people |
D.travelling between social groups |
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科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:閱讀理解
More than a century ago, the composer and bandleader John Philip Sousa warned that technology would destroy music, who said, “These talking machines are going to ruin the artistic development of music in this country. When I was a boy … in front of every house in the summer evenings you would find young people together singing the songs of the day or the old songs. Today you hear these terrible machines going night and day. We will not have a vocal cord (聲帶) left.”
Music has greatly changed in the past hundred years, which has been everywhere in our world: rivers of digital melody flow on the Internet or on disc; MP3 players with forty thousand songs can be put in a back pocket or a purse. Yet, for most of us, music is no longer something we do ourselves, or even watch other people do in front of us. It has become a radically virtual medium, an art without a face.
Ever since Edison invented the phonograph cylinder(留聲機), people have been assessing what the medium of recording has done for and to the art of music. Sousa was a spokesman for the party of doom; in the opposite corner are the utopians(烏托邦), who argue that technology has not imprisoned music but liberated it. Before Edison came along, Beethoven’s symphonies could be heard only in select concert halls. Now the recordings carry the man from Bonn to the corners of the earth. Glenn Gould, after renouncing live performance in 1964, predicted that within the century the public concert would disappear into the electronic air.
Having discovered much of my favorite music through LPs and CDs, I am not about to join Sousa’s party. Modern urban environments are often so soulless or ugly that I’m grateful for the humanizing touch of electronic sound. But neither can I accept Gould’s slashing futurism. I want to be aware of technology’s effects, positive and negative. Fortunately, scholars and critics have been methodically exploring this terrain for many decades, trying to figure out exactly what happens when we listen to music with no musicians in the room.
【小題1】The first paragraph is intended to .
A.defend an argument | B.make a prediction |
C.criticize an attitude | D.summarized a viewpoint |
A.dissatisfied | B.defensive | C.optimistic | D.objective |
A.region | B.subject | C.land | D.distinction |
A.explain different attitudes of scholars and critics |
B.defend the view of one group from the criticism of another |
C.a(chǎn)dvocate an unexpected solution to a pressing problem |
D.present the key issues in an ongoing debate |
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