If your preschoolers turn up their noses at carrots or celery, a small reward like a sticker for taking even a taste may help get them to eat previously disliked foods, a UK study said.
Though it might seem obvious that a reward could encourage young children to eat their vegetables, the idea is actually controversial, researchers wrote in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. That’s because some studies have shown that rewards can backfire and cause children to lose interest in foods they already liked, said Jane Wardle, a researcher at University College London who worked on the study. Verbal praise, such as “Brilliant! You’re a great vegetable taster,” did not work as well.
The study found t hat when parents gave their small children a sticker each time they took a “tiny taste” of a disliked vegetable, it gradually changed their attitudes. The children were also willing to eat more of the vegetables-either carrots, celery, cucumber, red pepper, cabbage or sugar snap peas-in laboratory taste tests, the study said.
Researchers randomly assigned（分派）173 families to one of these groups. In one, parents used stickers to reward their children each time they took a tiny sample of a disliked vegetable. A second group of parents used verbal praise. The third group, where parents used no special vegetable-promoting methods, served as a “control”.
Parents in the reward groups offered their children a taste of the “target” vegetable every day of 12 days, Soon after, children in the sticker group were giving higher ratings to the vegetables-and were willing to eat more in the research lab, going from an average of 5 grams at the start to about 10 grams after the 12-day experience. The turnaround also seemed to last, with preschoolers in the sticker group still willing to eat more of the once disliked vegetable three months later.
Why didn’t the verbal praise work? Wardle said the parents’ words may have seemed “insincere” to their children.
小題1:The purpose of writing the passage is       .
A．to introduce a practical method of making children eat vegetables
B．to show the procedure of an experiment on children’s diet
C．to explain why children hate to eat vegetables
D．to present a proper way of vernal praise to parents
小題2:The underlined word “backfire” in Paragraph 2 probably means “           ”.
A．shoot from behind the back
B．make a lire in the hackyard
C．produce an unexpected result
D．a(chǎn)chieve what was planned
小題3:According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
A．Most children are born to dislike carrots or celery.
B．It remains a question whether rewarding is a good way to get children to eat vegetables.
C．Oral praise wokrs quite well in encouraging children to eat vegetables.
D．Children in the sticker group will never lose interest in eating vegetables.
小題4:How did the researchers get their conclusion from the experiment?
A．By comparison.B．By asking questions.
C．By giving examples,D．By discussion.
小題5:What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A．Children like rewards, not verbal praise.
B．Parents should praise their children in a sincere tone.
C．Children are difficult to inspire.
D．Parents should give up verbal praise.

小題1:A
小題2:C
小題3:B
小題4:A
小題5:B

小題1:寫作目的題。結(jié)合文章第一段內(nèi)容可知：一項英國研究稱，如果學齡前小孩不愿吃蔬菜，只要他們嘗嘗味道，就給他們一些小獎勵，或許可以幫助小孩吃下原本不想吃的食物。
小題2:詞義理解題。結(jié)合第二段內(nèi)容可知：獎勵會鼓勵小孩吃蔬菜；但也會帶來另一個“結(jié)果”:對原來喜歡的食物失去了興趣。這是家長始料未及的。由此猜出劃線單詞的含義：an unexpected result。
小題3:細節(jié)理解題。結(jié)合the idea is actually controversial（有爭議的）可知答案。
小題4:細節(jié)理解題。結(jié)合倒數(shù)第三段可知答案。一組：reward their children；一組：used verbal praise。比較這兩組的結(jié)果得出的結(jié)論。
小題5:推理判斷題。結(jié)合Wardle said the parents’ words may have seemed “insincere” to their children可知答案。
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


Experts say it is not easy to get used to life in a new culture. “ Culture shock” is the term these experts use when talking about the feelings that people have in a new environment. There are three stages of culture shock, say the experts. In the first stage, the newcomers like their new environment. Then, when the fresh experience dies, they begin to hate the city, the country, the people and everything else. In the last stage, the newcomers begin to adjust to their surroundings and, as a result, enjoy their life more.
There are some obvious factors in culture shock. The weather may be unpleasant. The customs may be different. The public service systems---the telephone, post office ,or transportation --may be difficult to work out. The simplest things seem to be big problems. The language may be difficult.
Who feels culture shock? Everyone does in this way or that. But culture shock surprises most people. Very often the people having the worst culture shock are those who never had any difficulties in their home countries and were successful in their community. Coming to a new country, these people find they do not have the same established positions. They find themselves without a role, almost without an identity. They have to build a new self-image.
Culture shock causes a feeling of disorientation (迷惘）. This feeling may be homesickness. When homesick, people feel like staying inside all the time. They want to protect themselves from the strange environment, and create an escape inside their room for a sense of security. This escape does solve the problem of culture shock for the short term, but it does nothing to make the person familiar with the culture. Getting to know the new environment and gaining experience--these are the long-term solutions to the problem of culture shock.
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A．the fewer difficulties you may have abroad
B．the more difficulties you may have abroad
C．the more money you will earn abroad
D．the less homesick you will feel abroad
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A．“Culture shock” is a term used to describe the feelings that people experience in a new environment
B．In the second stage of “ Culture shock”, people may hate the life in the new environment
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D．Every one of us doesn’t feel culture shock in this way or that
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A．Escape unfamiliar environment
B．The feeling of homesickness
C．The best way to overcome (克服、戰(zhàn)勝）culture shock: get familiar with the new culture
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet .... We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically.
Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brains to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale(秤)  instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels.
On another level, diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don’t have to work to get results. Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle.
The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients. Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products may not be nutritional, and the chemicals that go into diet products are potentially dangerous.
Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet products, and therefore prevent the psychological and physical harm that comes from using them.
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B．people have difficulty in choosing diet products
C．diet products are misleading people
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C．losing weight is effortless
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Why are people interested in eating raw foods or whole foods? One reason is that eating these types of food reduces the risk of acid accumulation in your body.
Raw and whole foods are usually digested more efficiently than cooked and refined foods. When we cook foods, we destroy the natural enzymes (酶) that are part of the food in its raw form. These enzymes were intended by nature to help us digest the food. When we consume food without these natural enzymes, our bodies either digest the food improperly or allow too many nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream. In both instances, the result is obesity. When too many nutrients are absorbed at once, the body grows fat. Improperly digested food moves slowly through the digestive tract, where it becomes increasingly acidic. To protect its vital organs from this acidic waste, the body changes the acid into fat and stores it safely away from the organs.
Processed foods contain chemical elements, which might confuse the appetite mechanism that tells us when we’ve had enough to eat; as a result, people often overeat. Processed foods also upset the digestive cycle. The body will either identify these foods as allergens and then store them safely away from the organs as fat, or the remains of undigested food will become acidic and enter the bloodstream as acid waste, which will stick to the blood vessel walls and block the passage of vital oxygen and nutrients heading for the body’s cells. The body’s metabolism (新陳代謝) becomes inactive, and the result is weight gain and obesity.
The accumulation of acid in the digestive tract makes digestion increasingly inefficient. When that happens, even healthy foods can become acidic and the food allergies will become more common.
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D．Active approaches to avoid acid.
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B．Processed foods also comfort the digestive tract.
C．T he accumulation of acid in the digestive tract makes digestion more effective.
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According to a new study by Israel researchers from University of Haifa, posting blogs to express feelings and emotions is therapeutic for children aged 13-17. Psychology professors Meyran Boniel-Nissim and Azy Barak have found that a teenager writing a publicly-viewed blog on the Internet is more effective for relieving stress rather than keeping a private diary. The study, published in the journal Psychological Services, supports that expressing oneself through writing can be therapeutic.
To conduct the research, Boniel-Nissim and Barak randomly selected Israeli high school students who displayed a certain degree of stress. The teenagers were then divided into six groups. Two groups were asked to post blogs twice a week about their social difficulties, but only one of them was asked to open the blogs for comments. The next set of groups were also asked to blog twice a week to post about whatever was going on in their mind, again with one group allowing comments. The two control groups were asked to keep an old-fashioned private diary.
The researchers then collected the blog posts and diaries to discuss the adolescents’ emotional and social position. From the research, they saw that the greatest improvement in mood was with the bloggers who wrote about their personal troubles and allowed people to interact with their posts. The research also noted that the comments were mostly positive and constructive. Boniel-Nissim and Barak said that the commentators’ interactions helped the bloggers while they were distressed. The conclusive research noted that expressing yourself on the Internet not only let others know what was personally going on with you, but also helped you figure out some things about yourself too.
小題1:The underlined word “therapeutic” in Paragraph 1 can be best explained as “     ”.
A．a(chǎn)ttractive to teens
B．a(chǎn)ddictive for children
C．making people feel calm and relaxed
D．a(chǎn)ble to be easily hurt
小題2:______________were selected for the research.
A．Those who blogged regularly.
B．Those who suffered from stress.
C．Those who had never blogged before.
D．Those who had poor social skills.
小題3:The research shows that teens benefit most when       .
A．they blog and allow comments
B．they discuss their study on the blog
C．they keep a traditional diary
D．they comment on someone else’s blog
小題4:We can infer from the last paragraph that blogging ___________.
A．should not always be opened to comments
B．is most useful in improving one’s mood
C．is not an effective way to express one’s feelings
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

It is obvious that doctors recognize obesity as a health problem. So why is it so hard for them to talk to their patients about it?
The results of two surveys, one of primary care physicians and the other of patients, found that while most doctors want to help patients lose weight and think it is their responsibility to do so, they often don’t know what to say.
“So while doctors may tell patients they are overweight, the conversation often ends there,” said Christine C. Ferguson, director of the Stop Obesity Alliance. “Patients are not told about the possibility of diabetes (糖尿病),” she said. “And doctors don’t feel they have good information to give. They felt that they didn’t have adequate tools to address this problem.
The lack of dialogue hurts patients, too. The patient survey, of over 1,000 adults, found that most overweight patients don’t even know that they’re too heavy. Only 39 percent of overweight people surveyed had ever been told by a health care provider that they were overweight.
Of those who were told they were obese, 90 percent were also told by their doctors to lose weight, the survey found. In fact most have tried to lose weight and may have been successful in the past—and many are still trying, the survey found. And many understand that losing even a small amount of weight can have a positive impact on their health and reduce their risk of obesity­related diseases like hypertension and diabetes.
Dr. William Bestermann Jr., medical director of Holston Medical Group, in Kingsport, Tenn. , which ranks the 10th in obesity among metropolitan areas in the United States, said the dialogue had to be an ongoing one and could not be dropped after just one mention of the problem. “If you’re to be successful with helping your patients lose weight, you have to talk to them at actually every visit about their progress, and find something to encourage them and coach them,” he said.
He acknowledged that many doctors tend to be not optimistic.
“Part of this is that there’s this common belief, and doctors are burdened by it, too, that overweight people are weak-willed and just don’t have any willpower and are self­indulgent and all that business,” he said. “If you think that way, you’re not going to spend time having a productive conversation.”
小題1:What is the Stop Obesity Alliance most probably in Paragraph 3?
A．An organization of doctors suffering from obesity.
B．An organization of patients suffering from obesity.
C．A research group that conducts special surveys about overweight people.
D．A research group dealing with doctor-patient relationship.
小題2:How many of the patients surveyed have been advised by their doctors to lose weight?
A．About 350.B．About 390.
C．About 900.D．About 1,000.
小題3:What can be inferred about obesity patients in Paragraph 5?
A．They are not as hopeless as doctors think they are.
B．Most of them have tried hard to lose weight, but in vain.
C．Without their doctors’ constant coaching, there is little chance of their succeeding in losing weight.
D．Most of them have just given up their hope of becoming less heavy.
小題4:According to the passage, which factor contributes to the lack of dialogue between doctors and patients?
A．Most doctors never think of warning their patients about their weight problem.
B．Many doctors find it difficult to persuade overweight people to lose weight.
C．Most patients are too weak-willed to do anything about their weight.
D．Many patients tend not to trust their doctors about their weight problem.
小題5:Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
A．Obesity in the U. S.
B．Trouble of overweight Americans.
C．Talk more, help better.
D．Doctors or patients---who to bear more blame?[

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