Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing decisions that denied victory to their team. A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees.
The researcher organized an experimental tournament involving four youth teams. Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge.
Observers noted down the referees’ errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament. Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number.
The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyse the matches in detail. Surprisingly, he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident. When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the case of errors was 12 meters. The research shows the optimum (最佳的) distance is about 20 meters.
There also seemed to be an optimum speed. Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second.
If FIFA, football’s international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues.
He also says that FIFA’s insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided. If keeping up with the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical.
【小題1】The experiment conducted by the researcher was meant to ________.

A．review the decisions of referees at the 1998 World Cup
B．a(chǎn)nalyse the causes of errors made by football referees
C．set a standard for football refereeing
D．reexamine the rules for football refereeing
【小題2】The number of refereeing errors in the experimental matches was ________.
A．slightly above averageB．higher than in the 1998 World Cup
C．quite unexpectedD．a(chǎn)s high as in a standard match
【小題3】The findings of the experiment show that ________.
A．errors are more likely when a referee keeps close to the ball
B．the farther the referee is from the incident, the fewer the errors
C．the more slowly the referee runs, the more likely errors will occur
D．errors are less likely when a referee stays in one spot
【小題4】The word “officials” (Para. 4) most probably refers to ________.
A．the researchers involved in the experiment
B．the inspectors of the football tournament
C．the referees of the football tournament
D．the observers at the site of the experiment
【小題5】What is one of the possible conclusions of the experiment?
A．The ideal retirement age for an experienced football referee is 45.
B．Age should not be the chief consideration in choosing a football referee.
C．A football referee should be as young and energetic as possible.
D．An experienced football referee can do well even when in poor physical condition.


【小題1】B
【小題2】C
【小題3】A
【小題4】C
【小題5】B

解析試題分析：本文介紹了一項(xiàng)研究，對(duì)于世界杯中裁判的表現(xiàn)的具體研究，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)裁判越靠近事發(fā)地點(diǎn)越容易犯錯(cuò)，以及其他的一些具體的研究結(jié)果的信息介紹。
【小題1】B 細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees.可知這項(xiàng)研究主要是為了分析裁判犯錯(cuò)的原因，來分析裁判的表現(xiàn)。故B正確。
【小題2】C 細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第二段3,4行Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number.可知裁判所犯的錯(cuò)誤的數(shù)量大大超過了人們的預(yù)料。故C正確。
【小題3】A 細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第二段5,6行Surprisingly, he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident可知當(dāng)裁判離事發(fā)地點(diǎn)教近的時(shí)候，最容易犯錯(cuò)。故A正確。
【小題4】C 推理題。根據(jù)本句Surprisingly, he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident. When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action.可知這里的officials就是指上文的the referees，故C項(xiàng)內(nèi)容正確。
【小題5】B 推理題。根據(jù)文章最后一段He also says that FIFA’s insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided. If keeping up with the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical.可知作者認(rèn)為年齡不應(yīng)該成為限制。故B正確。
考點(diǎn)：考察社會(huì)知識(shí)類短文閱讀
點(diǎn)評(píng)：本文介紹了一項(xiàng)研究，對(duì)于世界杯中裁判的表現(xiàn)的具體研究，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)裁判越靠近事發(fā)地點(diǎn)越容易犯錯(cuò)，以及其他的一些具體的研究結(jié)果的信息介紹。文章基本上是考查細(xì)節(jié)題，對(duì)此類題型考生可以首先從問題中找到關(guān)鍵詞，然后以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及查閱的技巧在文中迅速尋找這一細(xì)節(jié)，找到后再把這一部分內(nèi)容仔細(xì)閱讀一遍，仔細(xì)比較所給選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)的細(xì)微區(qū)別，在準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的前提下，最后確定最佳答案。

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A．the first given names had not any actual meanings
B．people probably had names when there was no written language
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D．names began to be used long after there was written language
【小題2】 The underlined word “they” (in Para.3) refers to “　　　　”.
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