Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.
This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or – independently of any course – simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.
We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it. That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far form being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of the human race equally.
We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime rather than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.
小題1:According to the passage, ‘scientific subculture’ means
[A] cultural groups that are formed by scientists.
people whose knowledge of science is very limited.
[C] the scientific community.
[D] people who make good contribution to science.
小題2:We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because
[A] it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate scientists.
Science affects almost every aspect of our life.
[C] Scientists live in a specific subculture.
[D] It is easier to understand general characteristics of science.
小題3:The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who
[A] are intelligent college students and lay person who do not know much about science.
are good at producing various gadgets.
[C] work in a storehouse of dried facts.
[D] want to have a superficial understanding of science.
小題4:According to this passage,
[A] English is a sexist language.
only in the scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly.
[C] women are making significant contributions to eliminating the inadequacy of our language.
[D] male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists.
小題5:This passage most probably is
[A] a book review.
the preface of a book.
[C] the postscript of a book.
[D] the concluding part of a book.
Vocabulary
subculture       亞文化群(指在一個(gè)社會(huì)或一種文化內(nèi)具有獨(dú)特性的一群人)
superficial    膚淺的,淺薄的,表面的   
lay person       外行,門(mén)外漢,俗人
musty       發(fā)毒的,老朽的,陳腐的
gadget       小玩意兒,小配件,新發(fā)明
pervasive       滲透的,彌漫的,遍布的
populate       居住于……中,在……中占一席之地
implicit       含蓄的,內(nèi)含的
unspecified    未特別提出的
offset       抵消,補(bǔ)償

小題1:C
小題2:B
小題3:A
小題4:D
小題5:B

難句譯注
An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.
【參考譯文】如果一個(gè)人知道那些使科學(xué)家激動(dòng)不已和灰心喪氣的東西,那就比較容易了解科學(xué)的一般(普遍)特征以及特殊科學(xué)概念。
We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitude and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are and what they do.
【參考譯文】我們希望這本書(shū)能引導(dǎo)讀者對(duì)科學(xué)觀念有一個(gè)更為廣闊的透視;對(duì)什么是科學(xué)、科學(xué)家是些什么人以及他們?cè)诟墒裁从幸粋(gè)更為現(xiàn)實(shí)的觀點(diǎn)。
In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.
【參考譯文】另外,讀者可學(xué)會(huì)正確評(píng)價(jià)科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)與我們文化中無(wú)處不在的某些價(jià)值觀和哲學(xué)思想之間的關(guān)系。
This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions.
【參考譯文】科學(xué)亞文化群中婦女作用越來(lái)越大。這不是難得一見(jiàn)的意外事件,而是,確切地說(shuō),在社會(huì)各部門(mén)顯著潮流的一部分由于越來(lái)越多婦女進(jìn)入了傳統(tǒng)上為男子統(tǒng)治的領(lǐng)域并作出了重大的貢獻(xiàn)。
This policy is far from being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgement of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of human race equally.
【參考譯文】這一策略并不理想,但它至少承認(rèn)了一個(gè)事實(shí),那就是在平等對(duì)待人類(lèi)另一半上,我們的語(yǔ)言功能還不全。
寫(xiě)作方法與文章大意
這是一篇書(shū)的序言,作者用夾敘夾議的寫(xiě)作方法介紹了書(shū)的涉及面及其功能。
首先提出科學(xué)是我們文化的重大主題,但人們也該了解科學(xué)家生活的亞文化群,只有懂得一些激勵(lì)和挫傷科學(xué)家的種種情況,才能理解科學(xué)的一般特征及其特殊概念。
第二方面指出書(shū)的讀者對(duì)象是對(duì)科學(xué)一知半解的學(xué)生及門(mén)外漢。書(shū)可作理工科課程的輔助(補(bǔ)充)讀物,又可獨(dú)立自成體系。它可開(kāi)闊人們科學(xué)的視野,真正了解科學(xué)、科學(xué)家及其工作,理解科學(xué)和文化的關(guān)系,科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)和哲學(xué)的關(guān)系。
第三方面指出亞文化群中婦女增多,貢獻(xiàn)巨大,而我們的語(yǔ)言卻隱含這性別的歧視,難以充分平等地反映婦女。
最后指出書(shū)信息量大又具娛樂(lè)性,寓教于樂(lè)。
小題1:C 科學(xué)社區(qū)。答案在第一段第二句,人們也該了解科學(xué)家生活在其中的亞文化群以及他們是什么樣的人。第三段又講到,有關(guān)科學(xué)社區(qū)的畫(huà)面以及婦女對(duì)科學(xué)亞文化的貢獻(xiàn)?梢(jiàn)科學(xué)社區(qū)即亞文化。
A. 科學(xué)家所組成種種文化群體。 B. 科學(xué)知識(shí)有限的一些人。 C.  對(duì)科學(xué)作出很大貢獻(xiàn)的人。
小題2:B 因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)幾乎影響到我們生活的各個(gè)方面。文章開(kāi)綜明旨點(diǎn)出:科學(xué)是我們文化中的重要主題,由于它幾乎涉及到我們生活的每一方面,有知識(shí)的人至少需要熟悉一些結(jié)構(gòu)和作用。
小題3:A. 了解激發(fā)和挫傷科學(xué)家的事情可不太容易。(比較難) C. 科學(xué)家生活在特定的亞文化群中。D. 了解科學(xué)的一般特性比較容易。
A 不太了解科學(xué)的大學(xué)生或門(mén)外漢。第二段首句就點(diǎn)出了這本書(shū)為對(duì)科學(xué)一知半解的大學(xué)生和門(mén)外漢所寫(xiě),為某些人,一直把科學(xué)看作干巴巴的事實(shí)堆砌的發(fā)霉的石屋的人;為那種把科學(xué)的主要目的視為生產(chǎn)小配件的人;為那些把科學(xué)視為某種魔術(shù)的人而寫(xiě)。這說(shuō)明主要為A項(xiàng)人所寫(xiě),對(duì)科學(xué)了解不多的大學(xué)生和普通人。
B. 善于生產(chǎn)各種小配件。 C. 在干巴巴的事實(shí)堆砌的石屋中工作。 D. 相對(duì)科學(xué)有膚淺了解的人。
小題4:D 不應(yīng)當(dāng)用陽(yáng)性的名詞和代詞去指科學(xué)家。第三段集中講了這本書(shū)提供精確而又現(xiàn)代的有關(guān)科學(xué)社區(qū)(社會(huì))和居住在其中的人的畫(huà)卷。近年來(lái),越來(lái)越多的婦女包括進(jìn)來(lái),原因是許多婦女進(jìn)入傳統(tǒng)上為男人統(tǒng)治的領(lǐng)域,并作出巨大貢獻(xiàn),所以婦女在科學(xué)亞文化群中的增多并不是罕見(jiàn)的偶然事件,而是社會(huì)各部門(mén)明顯趨勢(shì)的組成部分。在討論其變化和貢獻(xiàn)時(shí),我們面臨著隱含性別歧視的語(yǔ)言――用陽(yáng)性名詞和代詞來(lái)指未指定人物,為了消除這種偏頗,我們?cè)诳赡芎捅匾獣r(shí)采用了復(fù)數(shù)名詞和代詞來(lái)取代他或她。
A. 英語(yǔ)是一種性別語(yǔ)言。 B. 只有在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域中,婦女的作用增長(zhǎng)很快。 C. 婦女在曉民我們語(yǔ)言中的不適當(dāng)性作出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。根據(jù)此題注釋說(shuō)明這三項(xiàng)都不對(duì)。英語(yǔ)不能說(shuō)成是有性別的語(yǔ)言,其中雖有些詞性表示男性或女性。文內(nèi)明確指科學(xué)界婦女增多是整個(gè)社會(huì)的趨勢(shì)的組成部分。由于婦女在科學(xué)界的貢獻(xiàn),所以不能再用陽(yáng)性名詞或代詞去指科學(xué)界,并不是在消滅語(yǔ)言……
小題5:B 書(shū)的前言,見(jiàn)文章大意。
A. 書(shū)的評(píng)論。 C. 書(shū)跋、書(shū)的附錄。 D. 書(shū)的結(jié)論部分。
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Alomada Racraotion and Fork Deportment (ARFD)
(510)747­7529
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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源:不詳 題型:閱讀理解

D
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A.a(chǎn) travel magazine
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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源:不詳 題型:閱讀理解

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After decades in which the middle class was working harder and harder just to keep up, and a punishing recession(衰退)that made it worse, we made the tough choices required not just to recover from crisis, but to rebuild on a new foundation for stronger, more durable economic growth.
Five years later, we have fought our way back. Our businesses have created 7.8 million new jobs in the past 44 months. Another 200,000 Americans went back to work last month.
The American auto industry has come back with more than 350,000 new jobs –-- jobs putting out and selling the high-tech, fuel-efficient cars the world wants to buy. And they’re leading the charge in a business that has added jobs for the first time since the 1990s –-- a big reason why our businesses sell more goods and services “Made in America” than ever before.
We decided to stop our addiction to foreign oil. And today, we produce more renewable energy than ever, more natural gas than anybody, and for the first time in nearly 20 years, America now produces more oil than we buy from other countries.
We decided to fix a broken health care system. And even though the task has been rough, so far, about 500,000 Americans gain health coverage starting January 1st. And by the way, health care costs are growing at the slowest rate in 50 years.
And one more thing: since I took office, we’ve cut our deficits (赤字) by more than half. And that makes it easier to invest in the things that create jobs –-- education, research, and so on.
Imagine how much farther along we could be if both parties were working together. Think about what we could do if the few didn’t hold the economy hostage (人質(zhì)) every few months, or waste time on dozens of votes to repeal the Affordable Care Act rather than try to help us fix it.
In the weeks ahead, I’ll keep talking about my plan to build a better bargain for the middle class. Good jobs. A good education. A chance to buy a home, save, and retire. And yes, the financial security of affordable health care. And I’ll look for any willing partners who want to help.
Because of your hard work and tough sacrifices over the past five years, we’re pointed in the right direction. But we’ve got more work to do to keep moving that way. And as long as I’m President, I’ll keep doing everything I can to create jobs, grow the economy, and make sure that everyone who works hard has a chance to get ahead. Thanks, and have a great weekend.
小題1:Which of the following is not the reason for people’s frustration with the government?
A.The government shutdown
B.Unemployment rate
C.The addiction to foreign oil
D.Cancelling the Affordable Care Act
小題2:Why does the president mention more goods and services “Made in America”?
A.To show that American goods and services are very popular.
B.To indicate that American people should be dependent on themselves.
C.To show that the employment rate has been increased.
D.To show that American auto industry enjoys high technology.
小題3:What’s the meaning of the underlined word “repeal”?
A.put an end toB.try hard to fixC.make strongerD.get accustomed to
小題4:According to the speech, which of the following can be implied?
A.American people have every reason to feel frustrated with the government.
B.Health care costs are growing at the slowest rate in 50 years.
C.The president feels sorry that the economy is not moving in the right direction.
D.Some government officials don’t agree with the president on the medical care system.

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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源:不詳 題型:閱讀理解

How words came into being is unknown. All we assume(推測(cè))is that some early men invented certain sounds, in one way or another, to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could talk with each other. Later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be put together to show those sounds, and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether spoken or written in letters, are called words.
The power of words, then, lies in their associations - the things they bring up to our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the longer we live, the more certain words bring back to us the happy and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increases.
Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which have powerful effects on our minds and feelings. This clever use of words is what we call literary style(文體). Above all, the real poet is a master of words. He can express his meaning in words which sing like music and which by their position and association can move men to tears. We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them correctly, or they will make our speech silly and common.
小題1:We learn from the text that language might have begun with           
A.a(chǎn)ctionsB.expressionsC.soundsD.signs
小題2:What is mainly discussed in Paragraph 2?
A.The relation of human experience with words.
B.The gradual change and development of words.
C.The learning of new words.
D.The importance of old words.
小題3:In the last paragraph, what does the author suggest that we should do?
A.Associate with listeners.B.Make musical speeches.
C.Learn poems by heart.D.Use words skillfully.

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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源:不詳 題型:閱讀理解

Governments all over the world make public reports about the condition of their economies. Most countries, including the United States, have used a measure called the gross national product (國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值)or GNP. It includes all goods and services produced by citizens of the country anywhere in the world.
Recently the American Commerce Department has started using a new method to measure production. It is known as the gross domestic product(國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值)or GDP. It counts only goods and services that have been produced within the nation’s borders. Money earned by foreign companies operating in the United States is included in the GDP, but money earned by American companies operating in other countries is not.
Economic experts generally approve of the change. They say that the gross domestic product provides a truer measure of the economy. They also note that most other industrial countries use this method. Therefore it will be easier to study the economies of different countries. Some officials also hope the new system will help them make better economic policy decisions. It will provide them with a clearer understanding of economic activity in the U.S. . The new measure is less likely to be affected by sudden changes in foreign oil prices or in the value of the American dollar in other countries.
Economic experts believe that the change from GNP to GDP will immediately reduce the value of American production by at least 40,000 million dollars a year. But that is really a very small change in the American economy – less than 1% . The Commerce Department reports the unofficial gross domestic product once every three months. The government also continues to report GNP as it has four times a year since 1941.
小題1:To report the American GNP, the government should not consider goods and services produced _______.
A.by American companies at home
B.by American companies in China
C.by American companies in Singapore
D.by Japanese companies in the United States
小題2:To report the American GDP, the Commerce Department should count money earned ________.
A.by both American and foreign companies in America
B.by American companies within its own borders
C.by foreign companies in the United States
D.by American companies in its foreign markets
小題3:GDP is considered better than GNP by some economists because ________.
A.it is something new
B.it is used by most countries
C.it is easier to calculate
D.it is less likely to be affected by the foreign market
小題4:What will happen to the value of American economy if GDP is used to replace GNP?
A.It will be seriously affected.B.It will not be affected.
C.It will come down a little.D.It will slightly go up.
小題5:How often are the reports of GDP issued by the American Commerce Department?
A.once every four monthsB.once every three months
C.once every six monthsD.once a year

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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源:不詳 題型:閱讀理解

Like many languages spoken by people, Ayapaneco is dying. Only two people in the world still speak it, and they won't talk to each other.
Spoken in Mexico for centuries, Ayapaneco is one of 68 surviving languages in the mainly Spanish-speaking nation. The two speakers are Manuel Segovia and Isidro Velazquez. Though they live only 500 meters from each other in the village, the two men seldom talk to each other. Daniel, an American expert, who is working to make a dictionary of Ayapaneco, says the two men “don’t have a lot in common,” and that Segovia can be “active” while Velasquez tends to mind his own business and stay at home.
While Segovia still speaks to his wife and son in Ayapaneco, neither of them can manage more than a few words. Velasquez hardly speaks his native tongue any more. Daniel is working to preserve the language in dictionary form before its last surviving speakers pass away. According to Daniel, Ayapaneco and the other languages began dying out with the introduction of public Spanish education in the mid-20th century. For decades, local children weren’t allowed to speak anything else. Many people to cities, starting in the 1970s, also helped the dying out of native languages.
Ayapaneco is the name given to the language; Segovia and Velazquez call it “Nuumte Oote”, which means “true voice”. Neither man, however, speaks the same language. The dictionary will contain two versions(版本) of the language when it comes out later this year. Those behind the dictionary aren’t the only ones trying to save Ayapaneco. The National Language Institute plans to hold classes so that Segovia and Velasquez can pass on what they know to children.
It is thought that there are about 6,000 languages spoken on earth and that about half will disappear over the next 100 years. Let’s hope the “true voice” isn’t one of them.
小題1:Segovia and Velasquez seldom talk to each other in Ayapaneco because they___________________.
A.both dislike the language
B.don’t get along well with each other
C.a(chǎn)re too busy to talk to each other
D.don’t share the same interests
小題2:Which are the main reasons why the language Ayapaneco started dying out? 
a. No teacher liked to teach it.         b. Local children had to speak Spanish.
c. many villagers went to live in cities.  d. The surviving speakers didn’t like to use it.
A.a(chǎn), bB.a(chǎn), cC.b, dD.b, c
小題3:How does the National Language Institute try to save Ayapaneco?
A.Write a dictionary of Ayapaneco.
B.Let Ayapaneco be taught at school.
C.Introduce a public Ayapaneco education.
D.Ask villagers to speak Ayapaneco.
小題4:From the text we learn that the author____________________.
A.a(chǎn)grees that it is natural that Ayapaneco should die out
B.thinks Daniel’s effort to preserve Ayapaneco won’t work
C.thinks highly of Ayapaneco and wants people to learn it
D.hopes that Ayapaneco will not die out in the future

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