14.If a diver surfaces(浮出水面) too quickly,he may suffer the bends(減壓病).Nitrogen (氮) dissolved (溶解) in his blood is suddenly liberated(釋放)by the reduction of pressure.The consequence,if the bubbles (氣泡) accumulate in a joint,is sharp pain and a bent body-thus the name.If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain,the consequence can be death.
Other air-breathing animals also suffer this decompression (減壓) sickness if they surface too fast:whales,for example.And so,long ago,did ichthyosaurs(魚龍).That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones.If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply.This kills the cells in the bone,and consequently weakens it,sometimes to the point of collapse.Fossil (化石) bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends.
Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past.What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150million years.To this end,he and his colleagues traveled the world's natural-history museums,looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic(三疊紀) period and from the later Jurassic(侏羅紀) and Cretaceous(白堊紀) periods.
When he started,he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils,reflecting their gradual evolution(進化)of measures to deal with decompression.Instead,he was astonished to discover the opposite.More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died,but not a single Triassic specimen (標本) showed evidence of that sort of injury.
If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means,they clearly did so quickly-and,most strangely,they lost it afterwards.But that is not what Dr Rothschild thinks happened.He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change.
Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (捕食動物) such as a large shark.One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles,both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches.Triassic oceans,by contrast,were mercifully shark-and crocodile-free.In the Triassic,then,ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain.In the Jurassic and Cretaceous,they were prey (獵物) as well as predator-and often had to make a speedy exit as a result.
58.Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends?A
A.A twisted body.
B.A gradual decrease in blood supply.
C.A sudden release of nitrogen in blood.
D.A drop in blood pressure.
59.The purpose of Rothschild's study is to seeB.
A.how often ichthyosaurs caught the bends
B.how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompression
C.why ichthyosaurs bent their bodies
D.when ichthyosaurs broke their bones
60.Rothschild's finding stated in Paragraph 4C.
A.confirmed his assumption
B.speeded up his research process
C.disagreed with his assumption
D.changed his research objectives
61.Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaursA.
A.failed to evolve an anti-decompression means
B.gradually developed measures against the bends
C.died out because of large sharks and crocodiles
D.evolved an anti-decompression means but soon lost it.
分析 科普知識類文章.文章主要介紹Rothschild教授關于魚龍類生物在近1億5千萬年里如何適應減壓問題的研究.在開始研究時,他原本認為年輕化石里彎曲的跡象會比老化石里的少,因為這標志著魚龍類生物逐漸進化出反減壓器官,然而他的研究結果得出相反的結論.
解答 58-61 ABCA
58.選A 細節(jié)理解題.第一段第三句提到遭遇bend的癥狀是"sharp pain and a bent body",此處bent等于twisted,意為"扭曲的,彎曲的".故答案選A.
59.選B 細節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)第三段第二句"What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150million years.."可知Rothschild教授的研究目的是如何適應減壓問題,答案為B.
60.選C 細節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)第四段第二句"Instead,he was astonished to discover the opposite."可知研究結果與他原本的假設相反,因此答案為C.
61.選A 推理判斷題.根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段第一句If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means,they clearly did so quickly-and,most strangely,they lost it afterwards.可以推斷出答案.Rothschild可能已經(jīng)得出結論:魚龍類生物未能進化出反減壓器官.
點評 做閱讀時經(jīng)常犯錯的主要原因是,僅憑讀過文章后殘留在腦海中的一絲印象來勾選答案,這樣便很容易掉入出題人故意設布下的題目陷阱.所謂閱讀理解,對于題目的理解一定要忠實于原文,因此,每一道題都應該與原文作全面的對比與核查,再得出答案.也就是說,閱讀理解的每一道題目,在原文都應該有明確的出處,我們把這一出處叫做原文相關句,(1)排除與原文相關句主題不一致的選項(2)排除與原文相關句態(tài)度相反的選項 (3)排除用于過于極端或負面的選項(4)注意結合文章主旨和主題去排除.