For all dinner tables, a glass of milk seems to be a must. At least it was when I was growing up. It is widely believed that milk is a must in building strong bones and teeth. There’s no doubt that dairy products, especially milk, are high in protein and calcium, and Vitamin D and Vitamin A are added to most milk products.
While it’s well known that our bones need calcium, some studies suggest that high calcium intake doesn’t necessarily lower a person’s risk for fractures（骨折）. A Harvard study found that people who drank two or more glasses of milk had no greater protection from breaking a bone than those who drank a glass or less a week.
There is no doubt that we need calcium. Some anti-dairy supporters claim dairy products can lead to heart disease. Much of this claim is based on high-fat dairy products, like cheese and cream, which may indeed lead to some health problems. Some studies have linked high milk intakes with a risk of prostate cancer; this seems also to be caused by high-fat dairy products, but not by dairy products in general.
Although milk has always been regarded as the most important thing we need for our bones, one of the most important things in strengthening bones and reducing the risk of osteoporosis（骨質(zhì)疏松）is weight-bearing exercise, such as jogging, walking, and weight lifting.
Perhaps we should think of dairy products as less like a nutrient and more like a food. If you like it, eat it. If not, find something else to eat. Some claims may not be completely true. When I eat cream, I’m not thinking about calcium, protein, or any such thing. I’m thinking it is delicious.
小題1:What is the best title for this passage?

A．Milk: is it really necessary for children?	B．The disadvantages of drinking milk.
C．Milk causes health problems.	D．Milk: is it really good for the body?

小題2:For people who want to reduce the risk of osteoporosis, we can infer that the writer may suggest that they ________.

A．a(chǎn)void milk with Vitamin D and Vitamin A added

B．spend some time exercising

C．take in as much calcium as possible

D．drink more than two glasses of milk every day

小題3:Based on the passage, we learn the writer may agree that ________.

A．milk is the most important thing that we need for our bones

B．children should not be permitted to eat cream

C．milk should be considered more like a food than a nutrient

D．children should drink milk whether they like it or not

小題4:What can we learn from the passage?

A．Some dairy products may harm our health.

B．Milk has the highest level of protein of any food.

C．The writer seldom drank milk when he was young

D．People who drink milk every day are at a high risk of getting a heart disease.

How do people pass on messages? When you write a letter or make a telephone call, your words _ 1___ a message. People communicate with words. Do you think you can communicate _2__ words?  A smile __3_ your face shows you are happy and friendly. Tears in your eyes tell__4__ that you are sad. When you __5_ your hand in class, the teacher knows you want to say something __6___ ask questions. You shake your head, and people know you are saying no. You nod and people know you are saying ____ .7
Other things can also give some information. For example,  a sign at the bus stop helps you to know which bus __8___. A sign on the wall of your school helps you to find the library. Signs on doors tell you __ 9___ to go in or out. __10___ you ever noticed that there are a lot of signs around you and that you receive messages __11__ them all the time? People can communicate __12___ many other ways. A (An) 13__  can use his drawings to tell about beautiful mountains,  about the blue sea and many other things. Books __14___ to tell you about all wonderful things in the world and also about people and their ideas. Books,  magazines,  TV and radio and films all help us to communicate with other people. They all help us to know __15__ is going on in the world.

小題1:	A．take B．carry C．bring D．gives

小題2:	A．by B．with C．without D．use

小題3:	A．in B．on C．a(chǎn)t D．of

小題4:	A．others B．the others C．other D．the other

小題5:	A．put on B．put down C．put up D．put out

小題6:	A．when B．or C．but D．if

小題7:	A．no B．hello C．yes D．nothing

小題8:	A．to get B．to take C．to have D．to bring

小題9:	A．which B．where C．how D．what

小題10:

A．Do B．Did C．Have D．Had

小題11:

A．from B．of C．a(chǎn)bout D．by

小題12:

A．with B．in C．without D．for

小題13:

A．writer B．a(chǎn)rtist C．science D．in

小題14:

A．write B．wrote C．a(chǎn)re written D．is wrote

小題15:

A．what B．which C．that D．how

Dear Victor:
I am a college student. Nowadays games on the net are very popular with college students. Some of my roommates are very interested in them. They not only play games in their free time, but also keep talking about them at night when lights are off, and they regard games as part of life. I’ve begged(乞求) them to give it up, but they wouldn’t listen to me. It has become a rather big problem. Should I report it to our teachers or do something else?
Ted,
Dear Ted:
Drop it. Your roommates, as grown-ups, can do whatever they want with their time so long as it doesn’t break school rules or violate(防礙) other people’s interests.
Playing perhaps gives these students relaxation(放松) from hard study. If they play too often, have little time to study, and they will reap what they have sown, but you will not. Reporting to the teachers would only harm your good name in your dormitory(宿舍). However you have rights to ask your roommates to be quiet when you need sleep. If they aren’t angry with you, they will stop talking. But be polite and friendly. Perhaps, in return, join them in a game or two.
Victor.
小題1:According to the first letter, many college students enjoy__________.

A．playing computer games	B．searching information on the Internet
C．sending e-mails	D．buying things online

小題2:Ted wants his roommates to___________.

A．break their computers	B．sell their computers to teachers
C．stop playing computer games	D．play games in the day, not at night

小題3:According to the second letter, some college students____________.

A．can violate school rules or other people’s interests

B．have their rights to quarrel with Ted

C．can relax themselves while playing games on the net

D．can study even better if they play games on the net

小題4:Victor asks Ted to__________.

A．report to the teachers	B．harm his good name in the dormitory
C．quarrel with his roommates	D．learn how to get on well with others

小題5:In the second letter, the underlined part(劃線部分) means__________.

A．自食其果

B．隨心所欲地做事

C．回家種莊稼

D．逃避責(zé)任

She had been shopping with her Mom in Wal-Mart．She must have been 6 years old, this beautiful brown haired, freckle-faced image of innocence．Outside, it was pouring so heavily．
We all stood there just inside the door of the Wal-Mart．We waited, some patiently, others annoyed because nature messed up their hurried day．I got lost in the sound and sight of the heavens washing away the dirt and dust of the world．
Her voice was so sweet as it broke the hypnotic trance （昏昏欲睡） we were all caught in．"Mom, let's run through the rain," she said．
"No, honey．We'll wait until it slows down a bit," Mom replied．
This young child waited about another minute and repeated: "Mom, let's run through the rain．"
" We'll get wet totally if we do," Mom said．
"No, we won't, Mom．That's not what you said this morning," the young girl said as she tore at her Mom's arm．
"This morning? When did I say we could run through the rain and not get wet?"
"Don't you remember? When you were talking to Daddy about his cancer, you said, If God can get us through this, he can get us through anything!"
The entire crowd stopped dead silent．I dare say you couldn't hear anything but the rain．We all stood silently. No one came or left in. the next few minutes,Mom paused and thought for a moment about what she would say．
Now some would laugh it off and scold her for being silly．Some might even ignore what was said. But this was a moment of affirmation in a young child's lifetime when innocent trust can be developed so that it will bloom into faith．"Honey, you are absolutely right．Let's run through the rain．If get wet, well maybe we just need washing," Mom said．Then off they ran.
We all stood watching, smiling and laughing as they rushed past the cars and they held their shopping bags over their heads just in case．They got soaked．But they were followed by a few who screamed and laughed like children all the way to their cars．And yes, I did．I ran．I got wet．I needed washing．
You may lose your material possessions, your money and even your health, but no one can ever take away your precious memories．So don't forget to make time and take the opportunities to make memories．
小題1:Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the underlined word "affirmation"?

A．happiness

B．a(chǎn)pproval

C．disagreement

D．love

小題2:What do we know about the mother in the story?

A．Her husband was cured of his cancer．

B．She was strong-willed and considerate．

C．She was in despair and pretended to forget what she said．

D．Her daughter completely understood the situation her family was in．

小題3:Which of the following may the author agree with?

A．The mother should not tell her child about the family misfortune．

B．Parents should act more bravely than their children．

C．Parents should grasp every opportunity to influence their children to grow well．

D．Children should learn to show gratitude and understanding to their parents．

小題4:The best title for the passage might be _____．

A．Run Through the Rain	B．Be a Determined Mother
C．Wait in the Rain	D．Have a Wonderful Experience

For high school leavers starting out in the working world, it is very important to learn particular skills and practice how to behave in an interview or how to find all internship(實(shí)習(xí)). In some countries, schools have programs to help students onto the path to work. In the Unites States, however, such programs are still few and far between.
Research shows that if high schools provide career-related courses, students are likely to get higher earnings in later years. The students are more likely to stay in school, graduate and go on to higher education.
In Germany, students as young as 13 and 14 are expected to do internships. German companies work with schools to make sure that young people get the education they need for future employment.
But in America, education reform programs focus on how well students do in exams instead of bringing them into contact with the working world. Harvard Education school professor Robert Schwartz has criticized education reformers for trying to place all graduates directly on the four-year college track. Schwartz argued that this approach leaves the country’s most vulnerable(易受影響的)kids with no jobs and no skills.
Schwartz believed that the best career programs encourage kids to go for higher education while also teaching them valuable practical skills at high school. James Madison High School in New York, for example, encourages students to choose classes on career-based courses. The school then helps them gain on-the-job experience in those fields while they’re still at high school.
However, even for teens whose schools encourage them to connect with work, the job market is daunting. In the US, unemployment rates for 16-to 19-year-olds are above 20 percent for the third summer in a row.
“The risk is that if teenagers miss out on the Summer job experience, they become part of this generation of teens who had trouble in landing a job,”said Michael, a researcher in the US.
小題1:According to Robert Schwartz，_________.

A．there is no need for kids to go for higher education in the US

B．students should get contact with the working world at high school

C．education reform should focus on students’performance in exams

D．teenagers in the US can’t miss out on the summer job experience

小題2:What’s the main idea of the text?

A．Arguments about recent US education reform.

B．Tips on finding jobs for high school leavers.

C．The lack of career-based courses in US high schools.

D．Advice for American high school leavers.

小題3:The underlined word “daunting” in Paragraph 5 most probably means___________.

A．discouraging

B．interesting

C．creative

D．unbearable

You are careful with your money: you collect all kinds of coupons; look for group-buy deals if you eat out; you don't buy clothes unless in a sale. Does all this make you a wise consumer?
Let's do the math first: you walk into a coffee shop and see two deals for a cup of coffee. The first deal offers 33 percent extra coffee. The second takes 33 percent off the  regular price. What's the better deal? Well, they are about the same, you'd think. And you'd be wrong. The deals appear to be equal, but in fact, they are different. Here's the math: Let's say the standard coffee is 10 yuan and let's divide the amount of coffee into three portions(部分). That makes about 3.3 yuan per portion, The first deal gets you 4 portions for 10 yuan (2.5 yuan per portion) and the second gets you 3 portions of coffee for 6.6 yuan (2.2 yuan per portion) and is therefore a better deal.
In a new study published by the Journal of Marketing, participants were asked the same question, and most of them chose the first deal, the Atlantic website reported. Why? Because getting something extra for free feels better than getting the same for less. The applications of this view into consumer psychology(心理) are huge. Instead of offering direct discounts, shops offer larger sizes or free samples.
According to the study, the reason why these marketing tricks work is that consumers don't really know how much anything should cost, so we rely on parts of our brains that  aren't strictly quantitative.
There are some traps we should be aware of when shopping. First of all, we are heavily influenced by the first number. Suppose you are shopping in Hong Kong. You walk into Hermes, and you see a 100,000 yuan bag. "That's crazy." You shake your head and leave. The next shop is Gucci, a handbag here costs 25,000 yuan. The price is still high, but compared to the 100,000 yuan price tag you just committed to your memory, this is a steal. Stores often use the price difference to set consumers' expectation.
Another trap we often fall to Is that we are not really sure what things are worth. And so we use clues(暗示) to tell us what we ought to pay for them. US economist Dan Ariely has done an experiment to prove this. According to the Atlantic, Ariely pretended he was giving a lecture on poetry. He told one group of students that the tickets cost money and another group that they would be paid to attend. Then he informed both groups that thelecture was free. The first group was anxious to attend, believing they were getting something of value for free. The second group mostly declined, believing they were being forced to volunteer for the same event without reward.
What's a lecture on poetry by an economist worth? The students had no idea. That's  the point. Do we really know what a shirt is worth ? What about a cup of coffee? What's the worth of a life insurance.policy? Who knows? Most of us don't. As a result, our shopping  brain uses only what is knowable:  visual(祝覺(jué)的) clues, invited emotions, comparisons, and  a sense of bargain. We are not stupid. We are just easily influenced.
小題1:The first paragraph of the passage is intended to      

A．a(chǎn)sk a question	B．introduce a topic
C．give some examples	D．describe a phenomenon

小題2:The writer takes the math for example in Paragraph 2 to show      .          _.

A．consumers usually fall into marketing traps

B．consumers' expectation is difficult to predict

C．consumers' purchasing power is always changing

D．consumers rely on their own judgment when shopping

小題3:What consumer psychology is mentioned in the passage?

A．The first number has little influence on which item should be bought.

B．Consumers never use visual clues to decide how much should be paid.

C．Getting something extra for free is better than getting the same for less.

D．Consumers never rely on parts of the brains that aren't strictly quantitative.

小題4:According to the passage, shops use the following tricks to make more profits EXCEPT         .  

A．showing price differences	B．offering larger sizes
C．providing free samples	D．giving direct discounts

小題5:What can we know from US economist Dan Ariely's experiment?

A．Ariely's free lecture enjoyed popularity among students.

B．The students actually didn't know what the lecture was worth.

C．The second group was willing to be volunteers without reward.

D．The first group was eager to find out the value of Ariely's lecture.

Left-Handers’ Day
International Left-Handers’ Day is August the thirteenth. The International Left-Handers Day, Web site says the Left-Handers Club started the holiday in 1992. It wanted left-handers around the world to celebrate. And it wanted to bring attention to the everyday problems of people who use their left hands.
One of these problems is difficulty using equipment and tools, like scissors. In general, most tools and equipment are made for people who are right-handed. The Left-Handers Club tries to educate designers and producers to consider the safety of left-handed people when producing their products.
Another problem is that many people have considered it bad to be left-handed. Some teachers and parents have tried to force children who used their left hands to use their right ones instead.
Scientists do not really know why some people are left-handed. They have believed the reason is genetic.They say the gene（基因） increases the chance of being left-handed. It appears to play an important part in deciding which part of the brain controls different activities. In right-handed people, the left side of the brain usually controls speech and language. The right side controls feelings. However, the opposite is often true in left-handed people.
Scientists believe the gene is responsible for this. The gene showed a link with left-handedness in nine to twelve percent of the population.
About ten percent of people around the world are left-handed.
小題1:International Left-handers’ Day aims to（目的是） bring attention to_________.

A．the right-handers

B．the everyday problems

C．the people who have some difficulty using equipment and tools

D．the everyday problems of people who use their left hands

小題2:How many problems of people who use their left hands are mentioned?

A．One.

B．Two.

C．Three.

D．Four.

小題3:As to why some people are left-handed, scientists believe the reason is________.

A．habits

B．genetics

C．parents

D．birthplaces

小題4:______of people around the world are left-handers.

A．About 9%

B．About 12%

C．About 9.12%

D．About 10%

It was a cold evening and my daughter and I were walking up Broadway. I didn’t notice a guy sitting inside a cardboard box. But Nora did. She wasn’t even four, but she  36  at my coat and said, “That man’s cold. Daddy,  37  we take him home?”
I don’t remember my reply. But I do remember a sudden  38  feeling inside me. I had always been delighted at how much my daughter noticed in her  39 , whether it was  40  in flight or children playing. But now she was noticing  41  and beggary.
A few days later, I saw an article in the newspaper about volunteers who picked up a food package from a nearby school on a Sunday morning and  42  it to an elderly person. It was quick and easy. I  43  us up. Nora was  44  about it. She could understand the importance of food, so she could easily see how  45  our job was. When Sunday came, she was ready, but I had to  46  myself to leave the house. On the way to the school, I fought an urge to turn  47 . The Sunday paper and coffee were waiting at home. Why do this?  48 , we phoned the elderly person we’d been appointed. She  49  us right over.
The building was in a sad state. Facing us was a silver-haired woman in an old dress. She took the package and asked us to come in. Nora ran inside. I unwillingly followed. 50  inside, I saw that the department belonged to someone poor. Our hostess showed us some photos. Nora played and when it came time to say goodbye, we three hugged, I walked home in tears.
Professionals call such a(n)  51  “a volunteer opportunity”. They are opportunities, I’ve come to see. Where else but as volunteers do you have opportunity to do something  52  that’s good for others as well as for yourself? Nora and I regularly serve to needy people and  53  clothes for the homeless. Yet, as I’ve  54  her grow over these past four years, I still wonder—which of us has  55  more?

小題1:	A．pulled B．glanced C．waved D．a(chǎn)imed

小題2:	A．would B．can C．need D．must

小題3:	A．general B．true C．heavy D．curious

小題4:	A．a(chǎn)rea B．part C．eyesight D．world

小題5:	A．insects B．dogs C．a(chǎn)nimals D．birds

小題6:	A．coldness B．illness C．suffering D．ignorance

小題7:	A．delivered B．returned C．devoted D．posted

小題8:	A．held B．hurried C．signed D．lined

小題9:	A．casual B．sorry C．a(chǎn)stonished D．excited

小題10:

A．creative B．valuable C．shocking D．simple

小題11:

A．warn B．stop C．a(chǎn)llow D．push

小題12:

A．back B．a(chǎn)way C．up D．out

小題13:

A．Therefore B．Obviously C．Still D．Also

小題14:

A．called B．promised C．invited D．helped

小題15:

A．As B．Once C．Because D．Though

小題16:

A．stay B．visit C．a(chǎn)dventure D．challenge

小題17:

A．fair B．famous C．difficult D．enjoyable

小題18:

A．collect B．make C．order D．wear

小題19:

A．let B．made C．watched D．noticed

小題20:

A．improved B．benefited C．tried D．seized

Researchers have found more evidence that suggests a relationship between races and rates of lung cancer among smokers. A new study shows that black people and Native Hawaiians are more likely to develop lung cancer from smoking. It compared their risk to whites, Japanese-Americans and Latinos.
Researchers at the University of Southern California and the University of Hawaii did the new study. The New England Journal of Medicine published the findings. The eight-year research studied more than 180,000 people. They included present and former smokers and people who never smoked. Almost 2,000 people in the study developed lung cancer.
Researchers say genetics might help explain the racial and ethnic differences. There could be differences in how people's bodies react to smoke. But environmental influences, including the way people smoke, could also make a difference.
African-Americans and Latinos in the study are reported smoking the fewest cigarettes per day. Whites are the heaviest smokers. But the scientists point out that blacks have been reported to breathe cigarette smoke more deeply than white smokers. This could fill their lungs with more of the chemicals in tobacco that cause cancer.
Scientists know that some diseases effect different groups differently. And some drug companies have begun to develop racially targeted medicines. Last June, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved a drug designed to treat heart failure in black patients. The name is BiDil. The agency called it "a step toward the promise of personalized medicine."
小題1:Which of the following orders is from higher to lower risk of having lung cancer?

A．Whites—Native Hawaiians

B．Africans—Americans—Latinos

C．Asians—Native Hawaiians

D．Africans—Americans—Native Hawaiians

小題2:Researchers agree that it is _____ that may probably determine black people’s risk of lung cancer.

A．the larger amount of smoking than white people

B．the living style or habit of the blacks

C．the depth of cigarette smoke into their lungs

D．the physical strength to react to cigarette smoke

小題3:People in the new study are made up of _____.

A．heavy smokers in America	B．the black and white people
C．the Asians and Hawaiians	D．smokers and non-smokers

小題4:The production of BiDil referred to in the last paragraph is to _____.

A．explain different races react to some diseases differently

B．tell the readers that racial differences exist in smokers

C．show a big step people have taken in the medicine area

D．support the idea that it is easy for blacks to have cancers

Elephants have four distinct personalities that help their herd survive in the African bush, scientists have found. 
With their grey skin, mournful eyes and slow heavy pace, you could be forgiven for thinking elephants are uniformly melancholy(憂郁的) creatures. But scientists have now discovered the largest living land animals have personalities to match their size.
In a new study of African elephants, researchers have identified four distinct characters that are common in a herd – the leaders, the gentle giants, the playful rogues(小淘氣) and the reliable plodders (辛勤工作的人).
Each of the types has developed to help the giant mammals survive in their harsh environment and is almost unique in the animal kingdom, according to the scientists.
Professor Phyllis Lee and her colleague Cynthia Moss studied a herd of elephants in the Amboseli National Park in Kenya known as the EB family — famous for their matriarch Echo before she died in 2009.
Using data collected over 38 years of watching this group, the researchers analyzed them for 26 types of behavior and found four personality features tended to emerge.
The strongest personality to emerge was that of the leader. Unlike other animals, where leadership tends to be won by the most dominant and aggressive individual, the elephants instead respected intelligence and problem solving in their leader. Echo, the matriarch and oldest in the group, her daughter Enid, and Ella, the second oldest female, all emerged as leaders.
The playful elephants tended to be younger but were more curious and active. Eudora, a 40-year-old female in the herd, seemed to be the most playful, consistently showing this feature throughout her life while playfulness in some of the other elephants declined with age.
Gentle elephants, which included two 27-year-old females Eleanor and Eliot, touched and rubbed against others more than the others.
Those that were reliable tended to be those that were most consistent at making good decisions, helped to care for infants in the herd and were calm when faced with threats. Echo and her youngest daughter Ebony seemed to be the most reliable.
Professor Lee said that elephants with these features tended to be the most socially integrated in the group while those who tended to be less reliable and pushy were more likely to split from the herd.
小題1:From the passage we get to know that ________.

A．the researchers reached their conclusion by analyzing the data

B．the research centered on the 26 types of behavior of the matriarch

C．the scientists conducted the research by comparing elephants with other animals

D．professor Phyllis Lee and her colleague spent nearly 38 years tracking the herd

小題2:According to the new findings of the scientists, ________.

A．playfulness of an elephant will always decline with age

B．those elephants which are caring and wise are most reliable

C．each elephant can be matched with only one of the four personalities

D．once becoming a member of a herd, an elephant will never split from it

小題3:In the EB family Echo and Eudora are ________.

A．mother and daughter	B．two oldest females
C．the gentlest ones	D．leader and member