Greenspace facilities (設(shè)施) are contributing to an important degree to the quality of the city
environment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every book about this subject
has to start with the proof of this idea. At present it is generally accepted, although more as a self-proved
statement than on the base of a closely reasoned scientific proof. Recognizing the importance of
greenspaces in the city environment is a first step on the right way, this does not mean, however, that
enough details are known about the functions of greenspace in towns and about the way in which people
are using these spaces. As to this subject I shall within the scope (范圍) of this lecture, enter into one
aspect only, namely the recreative function of greenspace facilities.  
     The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation which for many years has been
used in town and country planning, has in my opinion resulted in more attention for forms of recreation
far from home, while there was relatively little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the
direct neighborhood of the home. We have come to the conclusion that this is not right, because an
important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working, is used for activities at and
around home. So it is obvious that recreation in the open air has to begin at the street door of the house.
The city environment has to offer as many recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to
be such that more required activities can also have recreative aspect.  
     The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district, if
the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets because the risks of traffic are too great, if during
shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you only
feel yourself at home after the street door of your house is closed after you.  

1. The importance of greenspaces in the city environment _____.  

A. is still unknown                        
B. is paid little attention to  
C. is accepted on the base of scientific proof    
D. has been recognized

2. For many years town and country planning has _____.  

A. brought living areas and places of entertainment close together  
B. separated recreation facilities far from home  
C. improved recreative possibilities in the neighborhood  
D. enabled people to reach the best standard of living  

3. What does the writer recommend to create a better environment?

A. Providing a recreation place.        
B. Creating more separated greenspace
C. Owning greenspace facilities.      
D. Delivering a free service.

4. The word "recreation" in the passage probably means _____.

A. activities done for pleasure or enjoyment    
B. doing something again in a creative way  
C. doing something important after work      
D. required activities done after work  

5. According to the author, greenspaces should be designed _____.  

A. to reduce the number of recreative activities  
B. to attract more and more people  
C. for people to use more conveniently        
D. for people to do recreative activities at the street door of the house

6. The main idea of this passage is that _____.  

A. attention must be paid to the improvement of recreation  
B. greenspace facilities should be used better to improve the quality of life  
C. the city environment is providing more recreative activities  
D. we should try our best to raise our living standard  

     There are several advantages in planting trees: they firm the soil, soak (滲透) up extra water and take
carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. However, it now turns out that planting trees could add to global
warming. We all know that tree roots do a great job of keeping soil firmly on the ground and out of the
wind's power. The problem is that some of the dust clouds play an important part in soaking up carbon
dioxide.
Huge dust storms blow out over the oceans from  dry parts of North Africa and Central Asia. Tons of
dust are lifted and left as a thin film over the ocean surface.
     Dust from China is carried east and left in the Pacific Ocean. If a treeplanting programme there is
successful and the dust supply reduced, the net result may be that less carbon dioxide gets locked away
in the ocean.
     Andy, an environmental scientist has spent the past few years studying dust and says his work shows
clearly the complexity of the system. For this reason the need is to focus on cutting carbon dioxide giving
off rather than doing anything else.
     Robert, an American scientist, has  shown that when native grassland areas are invaded by trees,
carbon is lost from the soil. "We are studying why the soil carbon disappears, but one theory is that trees
do a lot more of their growing above ground compared to grass, so less carbon goes directly into the soil
from trees." said Robert.
     In wet areas of the world, the gain from trees absorbing carbon dioxide above ground seems to be
outweighed by the loss of carbon from the soil below ground.
     Countries that plan to fight against global warming by planting trees may have to think again. Solutions
to environmental problems are often more complex than they first appear, and understanding the Earth's
climate is a very great challenge.

1. People usually hold the opinion that ________.

A. huge dust storms can destroy carbon dioxide
B. planting trees could reduce global warming
C. huge dust storms can destroy the oceans on the Earth
D. planting trees is the only way to control huge dust storms

2. Andy, an  environmental  scientist, believes  that________.

A. environmental problems are more complex than expected                  
B. trees shouldn't have been planted in dry places
C. dust plays a more important part than trees
D. carbon dioxide is harmful to everything

3. Robert's experiment proves that ________.

A. trees absorb more carbon than grass
B. carbon can turn grass into dust
C. less carbon can make trees grow faster
D. grassland areas should be covered by forests

4.The best title for this passage is "________".

A. The importance of planting trees
B. The dust clouds soak up carbon dioxide
C. Is it really useful to plant trees to reduce global warming?
D. Why the soil carbon disappears

     Edward Wilson is America's, if not the world's, leading naturalist. In The Future of Life, he takes us
on a tour of the world's natural resources (資源). How are they used? What has been lost? What
remains and is it able to continue with the present speed of use? Wilson also points out the need to
understand fully the biodiversity (生物多樣性) of our earth.
     Wilson begins with an open letter to the pioneer in environment (環(huán)境) protection, Henry David
Thoreau. He compares today's Walden Pond with that of Thoreau's day. Wilson will use such
comparisons for the rest of the book. The problem is clear: man has done great damage to his home
over the years. Can the earth, with human help, be made to return to biodiversity levels that will be able
to support us in the future?
     Biodiversity, Wilson argues, is the key to settling many problems the earth faces today. Even our
agricultural crops can gain advantages from it. A mere hundred species (物種) are the basis of our food
supply, of which but twenty carry the load. Wilson suggests changing this situation by looking into ten
thousand species that could be made use of, which will be a way to reduce the clearing of the natural
homes of plants and animals to enlarge farming areas.
     At the end of the book, Wilson discusses the importance of human values in considering the
environment. If you are to continue to live on the earth, you may well read and act on the ideas in this book.

1.We learn from the text that Wilson cares most about ______.

A. the environment for plants
B. the biodiversity of our earth
C. the waste of natural resources
D. the importance of human values

2. How many species are most important to our present food supply?

A. Twenty.  
B. Eighty.
C. One hundred.  
D. Ten thousand.

3.Wilson suggests that one way to keep biodiversity is to ______.

A. learn how to farm scientifically
B. build homes for some dying species
C. make it clear what to eat
D. use more species for food

4. We can infer that the text is ________.

A. a description of natural resources
B. a research report
C. a book review
D. an introduction to a scientist

     In Wiltshire, England, volunteers are being sought to visit a nature protection area to count the
butterflies living there and on surrounding fields. The project is promoted by an environmental protection
organisation, which has contributed to improving the living environment for wild animals. Recently, the
organisation has issued an appeal to help it observe environmental changes based on the record of
butterflies and protect the environment.
     In the area, the local people have Planted many special flowers with the help of the organisation,
aiming to see whether these  flowers will  interest the rare and beautiful butterflies. The Project officer
Sarah Marshall says, "It will be a suitable habitat (棲息地) for butterflies. They are great 'indicator
species' as they are easily affected by climate changes so they make a brillian early - warning system
for the environment." She also points out that volunteers are needed to recourd the number or species
of butterflies, and based on the change happening to the butterflies, the hidden environmental problems 
 in the area can be found out in time.
     The organisation is seeking volunteers to help monitor butterflies from April through to September.
They will walk a fixed route and record the different butterflies they encounter along the way. Each visit
should take no more than two hours, and each volunteer is expected to visit once a month to count the
wildlife. "Staff will provide back up, so if the weather is poor on the day you are to visit (butterflies don't
like to fly in the rain, wind or if it's too cloudy) we can have someone else do your job," Sarah points
out.
     No Previous experience is necessary as training and support will be provided, but a keen interest is
  essential. If you are interested P1ease contact Sarah on (0l380) 725670, ext 278, email  sarahm
Wiltshirewildlife. org

1. According to Paragraph l, what is the purpose of the Project?

A. To appeal to more visitors.
B. To protect the environment.
C. To control butterfly population.
D. To expand the area for wildlife.

2. Many special flowers have been planted in Wiltshire to            .

A. warn people of wildlife extinction
B. appeal more tourists to be involved in
C. attract many unusual and beautiful butterflies
D. improve the economic conditions of local people

3. Butterflies are called "indicator species" because              .

A. they can provide support for visitors
B. they can give information to other species
C. they are not easily found out in their habitats
D. they are very sensitive to environmental changes

4. Volunteers are required to do the things EXCEPT             .

A. having some special previous experience
B. being interested in protecting the environment
C. walking a regular route and do some recordings
D. visiting the nature protection area once a month

5. What is the text mainly about?

A. Visitors are being trained to identify butterflies.
B. Wildlife areas are being protected by butterflies.
C. Volunteers are being needed to count butterflies.
D. Organisations are being put up to protect butterflies.

     ●What prevents depression; tea, coffee or hot chocolate?
    Women who drink for or more cups of coffee a day are a fifth less likely to become depressed.
Drinking two or three cups reduces the risk by 15 percent. This is the result of a study of 51,000 women
over ten years, published in the Journal of the American Medicine Association.
     One theory is that caffeine reduces the  effect of the chemical adenosine (腺苷) in the brain, which
can make us feel sleepy by slowing down nerve cell activity. Some anti-depressants also work by
blocking the adenosine receptors. Coffee was found to be far more influential on depression levels than
hot chocolate or tea due to the high caffeine content.
     ●How many eggs can we healthily eat: one a day or two a day?
     Neither-eat them freely. We've long been warned to stick to two or three eggs a week because of
their high cholesterol (膽固醇) content. But according to the Food Standards Agency, there is no
recommended limit to how many eggs we can healthily eat, unless you have been told to cut down by
your doctor.
     There is no evidence that eating eggs raises  cholesterol levels, and researchers found that eggs contain
less cholesterol than in the past because hens are no longer given bone meal, which was banned in the
1990s after the BSE (瘋牛病) crisis.
     Research by the British Egg Council found that a medium egg gives you around 100 mg of cholesterol, a third of the 300mg recommended daily limit.

1. What is considered to fight depression best?

A. Tea.    
B. Chocolate.    
C. Adenosine.    
D. Coffee.

2. We can infer from the text that    __   . 

A. too much caffeine will probably make people sleepy
B. coffee contains less caffeine than tea or hot chocolate
C. one is depressed if his brain chemical adenosine is active
D. tea and hot chocolate have no effect on men's depression

3. What can we learn about eggs from the text? 

A. We should stick to two or three eggs a week in general.
B. Eat as many eggs as you like unless your doctor advises you not to.
C. Eggs contain more cholesterol at present than ever before.
D. One egg daily and you'll get more cholesterol than recommended.

     "Children should not be left unsupervised (無(wú)人監(jiān)督的) to play with a dog." say experts in this
week's British Medical Journal. Their advice is part of a review aimed at doctors who deal with dog bites.
     "Dog bites and maulings are a worldwide problem, particularly in children." write Marina Morgan and
John Palmer. Every year 250,000 people who have been bitten by dogs attend minor injuries and
emergency units in the United Kingdom, and half of all children are reportedly bitten by dogs at some
time, boys more than girls.
     Accurate death figures are difficult to obtain, but in the past five years, two to three cases a year have
made news headlines.
     Based on the latest medical evidence, they advise doctors how to examine and treat a patient
presenting with a dog bite. They discuss the risk of infection and when to refer to specialist care. For
travelers bitten abroad, they suggest assessing the risk of rabies(狂犬病).
     In terms of prevention, they suggest that children should be taught to treat dogs with respect, avoid
direct eye contact, and not tease them. They should be taught not to approach an unfamiliar dog; play
with any dog unless under close supervision; run or scream in the presence of a dog; pet a dog without
first letting it sniff you; or disturb a dog that is eating, sleeping, or caring for its babies.
     "Dog owners also need to change their behavior", says Rachel Besser, a children's doctor and lifetime
dog owner, in an article.
     "It is clear that not all dog owners appreciate that children should not be left unsupervised with a dog",
she says. Just as some parents are obliged to take parenting classes, she would like to see compulsive
classes for expectant dog owners to teach them about the responsibilities of dog ownership. Educational
programs are also needed to teach children about some precautionary (預(yù)防的) behaviors around dogs.
      Finally, she would like to see animal doctors advising dog owners about bite prevention, and doctors
promoting bite prevention when treating patients who have been bitten by dogs.     

1. Dog biting is a problem which _____.  

A. should be paid attention to              
B. only happens to a few children
C. only boys may meet with              
D. has made news headlines

2. The underlined word "they" in Paragraph 4 refers to "________" .

A. doctors        
B. parents            
C. experts            
D dog owners

3. To avoid dog bites, a child should be taught to_____.

A. have direct eye contact
B. approach an unfamiliar dog
C. run or scream in the presence of a dog
D. leave a dog feeding itself

4. What are Rachel Besser's words mainly about?

A. It's necessary to teach children how to raise dogs.
B. Children should be taught not to play with dogs.
C. Some dog owners would like children to be left unsupervised with a dog.
D. All the dog owners would like to attend classes on caring for dogs.  

5. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

A. Dogs, Dangerous To Children
B. Children Should Know Behaviors Around Dogs
C. Doctors, Treat Dog Bites Correctly
D. Never Leave Children Unsupervised With Dogs  

     The koala. one of Australia's most treasured creatures, is introuble.
    Affected by habitat (棲居地) loss and climate change, like many other uniquely Australian animals, koalas are being squeezed into smaller regions. But at present, it is a deadly disease, a somewhat silent killer that causes a further decline in the koala population, that is worrying many scientists about the fate of the koala.
     The killer is Chlamydia, which has caused symptoms in up to 50 percent of the wild koalas, with probably even more infected (感染) but not showing symptoms. It has been particularly severe in Queensland, where nearly all koalas are infected. The disease causes many symptoms including eye infections, which can lead to blindness, making it difficult for them to find their primary food.
     Treating Chlamydia in wild koalas is a challenge. There is no treatment available for it. Only a small percentage of the animals can be treated successfully and returned
to the wild. Besides, there is no national plan in Australia to save the koala;it is up to each region to make management plans for its koala population.
     The good news is that researchers are working to test a vaccine (疫苗) that would help prevent further spread. If all goes well, plans can be carried out to distribute the vaccil1e more widely. But it's impossible to vaccinate all wild koalas.
     Another possibility would be to make vaccine distribution a routi11e part of treatment for the thousands of koalas brought into care centers every year after they are injured by cars or dogs.
     While it is a combination of problems that are affecting the wild koala population, many expects believe this vaccine would be an important step in helping koalas survive longer. It may buy enough time to give researchers a chance to solve some of the other problems facing Australia's koalas.

1. Which isn't considered the main cause of koa1a's population decline?

A. A deadly disease.                  
B. Injuries from cars and dogs.
C. Climate change.                    
D. Habitat loss.

2. The third paragraph mainly tells us          .

A. the serious result Chlamydia has caused to the koala
B. Chlamydia affected the koala only in particular regions
C. the most serious symptom of Chlamydia is eye infections
D. Chla1nydia can seriously affect koala's primary food

3. The underlined word "it" in the fourth paragraph probably refers to      .

A. the koala      
B. Chlamydia      
C. national plan      
D. eye infection

4. We can learn from the text that the vaccine      .

A. would cure the killer Chlamydia quite effectively
B. would only be distributed in koala care centers
C. has already been put into practical use in Australia
D. cannot be distributed to all the infected koalas

5. It can be inferred from the text that           .

A. a national plan for saving koalas will be made soon in Australia
B. koala population is declining only in a few regions
C. researchers need enough time to so1ve the koala problems
D. experts have lost the best chance to save the infected koalas

     Deaths per(每) 100,000 Population in Town A form the Following Causes(1960-1969)
  

1. Of every hundred thousand citizens in Town A  _______ died of T.B. in 1965.
A. 134
B. 59
C. 60
D. 65
2. According to the chart, what’s been the NO. I killer in Town A in the last ten years? 
A. Heart trouble   
B. T.B.
C. Cancer
D. Accidents
3. If 1,200 people died in Town A from accidents in 1967, the population of Town A that year was 
about.         .
A. 96, 000
B. 100,000
C. 150,000
D. 1,500,000
4. What percent of the total deaths were because of cancer in Town A in 1966?
A. 1.64%
B. 0.164%
C. 16.4%
D. 1.63%