Culture means any human behavior that is learned in human society. All of the meaningful parts of a culture are passed on to different generations through tradition or social learning. From this view point, all human groups have a culture. Culture exists in agricultural as well as industrialized societies.

Culture is necessary for the survival and existence of human beings as human beings. Practically everything humans know, think, value, feel, and do is learned through taking part in a socio-cultural system. This statement is well supported by some well-written cases. Here is one of the cases of children growing up apart from human society. In the province of Kidnaper in India, the director of a children’s home was told by local villagers that there were “ghost（鬼）” in the forest. Upon looking into the case, the director found that two children, one about eight years old and the other about six years old, appeared to have been living with a pack of wolves in the forest. These children were the ghosts described by the local people. In his diary, the director describes his first view of Kamala(as the older child was named) and Amala(the name given to the younger child).

Kamala was a terrible-looking being—the head, a big ball of something covering the shoulders. Close at its heels there came another terrible creature exactly like the first, but smaller in size. Their eyes were very bright and sharp, unlike human eyes. They were very fond of raw meat and raw milk. Gradually, as they got stronger, they began going on all fours, and afterwards began to run on all fours like squirrels. Children learn human language in the same way they learn other kinds of human behavior by taking part in a cultural community. They learn a certain human language as well as certain kinds of human behavior through their membership in a certain cultural community.

1. From the passage we can learn that               .

A. human beings can develop human abilities only if they are raised by their biological parents

B. Amala and Kamala were raised in forest by ghosts

C. human beings will not grow up human unless they are raised by human beings in human culture

D. culture refers only to the high art and classical music of a particular society

2. Who were the “ghosts” of the Kidnapper forest seen by the local villagers?

A. They were two children Amala and Kamala, who ran on fours.

B. They were two squirrels, Amala and Kamala, who ran on fours.

C. They were two young wolves, Amala and Kamala, whose eyes were bright and sharp.

D. They were two children, Amala and Kamala, who were growing up in a children’s home.

3. How would you understand the description by the director “they began going on all fours,” in his

diary?

A. They began to continue with all their four eyes.

B. They started walking with their four feet.

C. They began going with their four hands.

D. They started walking with both their hands and feet.

4. Which of the following do you think is the best title to this passage?

A. Wolf-children                                     B. Culture and Human Behavior

C. Culture and Language Learning                D. A director’s Diary

It is not immediately clear__________ the financial crisis will soon be over.

A. since           B. what           C. when            D. whether

These robbers are sure __________.

A. to punish   B. to be punishing    C. being punished    D. to be punished

It was in New Zealand _______ Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith.

A. how        B. which       C. when       D. that

At last, the boys found themselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and_________down to eat their picnic lunch.

       A．to sit B．sat     C．sitting       D．having sat

___________we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.

A. If   B. Whether   C. Where   D. That

 I’m going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have any thing _________?

  A, to be buying       B, to buy          C, for buying          D, bought

    The United States government wants to know what the public thinks about its findings on the safety of cloned animals．

    The Food and  Drug Administration says meat and milk from clones of adult animals are safe to eat．They called them “as safe to eat as the food we eat every day”．

    And when those clones reproduce sexually(有性繁殖)，the agency says，their offspring(后代) are safe to eat as well．

    The United States this year could become the first country to allow the sale of  foods from cloned animals．   

    First，however，the public will have ninety days to comment on three proposed

documents．On December 28th the F．D．A．released a long report，called a draft risk assessment，along with two policy documents．

The agency says it must receive comments by April second．The F．D．A． seemed ready to act several years ago，but an advisory committee called for more research．

    For now，the government will continue to ask producers to honor a request that

they not sell foods from cloned animals．

    Clones are still rare．They cost a lot and are difficult to produce．

    The F．D．A．says most food from cloning is expected to come not from clones themselves，but from their sexually reproduced offspring．It says clones are expected to be used mostly as breeding animals to spread good qualities．

Public opinion studies show most Americans do not like the idea of food from  cloned animals．But this research also shows the public knows little about cloning．

    Cloning differs from genetic engineering．A cell taken from a so-called donor animal is grown into an embryo(胚胎)in the laboratory．Next，the embryo is placed into the uterus(子宮)of a female animal．If the process is successful，the pregnancy reaches full term and a genetic copy of the donor animal is born．

1．From the passage，we can conclude________．

    A．cloned adult animals are safe to eat

    B．foods from cloned animals are popular in America

    C．cloned animals will be easy to produce

    D．most foods from cloning is expected to come from clones themselves

2．The main purpose of the text is to________．

    A．tell a story                        B．give a report

    C．give advice                       D．compare opinions

3．Who believe that foods from cloning are safe to eat?

A．Most Americans．                   B．An advisory committee．

C．Critics．                           D．The F．D．A．

4．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that________

    A．cloning has much in common with genetic

    B．not every cell taken from a donor animal can grow into a genetic copy

    C．the donor animal should be a female one

    D．cloned animals grow faster than normal ones

To tell________truth, his coming is really_________big surprise to most people present at the party.

A. / ; a                 B. the ; /              C. the ; a               D. / ; /

It’s hard to avoid mistakes. _____ we realize our mistakes and do our best to correct them, that’s all right.

A. As if    B. As long as    C. Even if   D. In order that