If teens could reduce the salt they take in every day by 3,000 milligrams (mg), they would cut their risk of heart disease and stroke(中風(fēng)) greatly in adulthood, researchers say.
Based on the results of a computer modeling analysis, researchers found that a 3,000 mg reduction in sodium(鈉) by teenagers could reduce hypertension by 30 percent to 43 percent when they become adults.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common condition that may have no symptoms for years, but can eventually cause serious health conditions, including heart attack and stroke.
Other benefits over time as teens hit 50 years of age include a 7-12 percent reduction in coronary heart disease(冠心病), an 8-14 percent reduction in heart attacks, and a 5-8 percent reduction in stroke.
Fast food typically contains too much sodium. One bag of Nacho Cheese Doritos has 310 milligrams. Pizza is one of the biggest problems for teens when it comes to sodium, according to data from the National Center for Health Statistics.
“The additional benefit of lower salt intake early is that we can hopefully change the expectations of how food should taste, ideally to something slightly less salty,” says Dr. Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, the lead author of the study and associate professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco.
“Most of the salt we eat is not from our salt shaker(鹽瓶), but salt that is already added in food that we eat.” she added.
【小題1】Which is a benefit of a low sodium diet according to the text?

A．No risk of heart disease.	B．Smaller chance of stroke.
C．Low blood pressure.	D．Slightly more heart attacks.

【小題2】According to the text, 3,000 mg less salt intake daily will reduce hypertension by ________ in adulthood.

A．7%-12%

B．8%-14%

C．30%-43%

D．5%-8%

【小題3】What does Dr Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo mean in the last two paragraphs?

A．A lower sodium diet can get teenagers used to less salty food.

B．A good eating habit can help teens have less junk food.

C．Teens should avoid pizzas and other salty foods.

D．We can add more salt from our salt shaker to the food.

【小題4】Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A．Teens Cutting Salt for Healthier Adulthood

B．Diet and Health

C．Sodium Brings Health Concerns

D．A Cause of Hypertension

Psychology(心理學(xué)) has a new application in the field of medicine. Many doctors, together with their patients, are looking for alternative methods of treatment of physical problems. In large hospitals, modern therapy（療法） seems to focus on the physical disease. Patients may feel they are treated like broken machines. Some doctors have recognized this as a problem. They are now using psychological therapy, in which the patient is working with the doctors against the disease with the help of medicine. The patient does not wait for the medicine and treatment to cure him or her, but instead the patient joins in the fight.
The doctor knows that a disease affects a patient's body physically. The body of the patient changes because of the disease. He is not only physically affected, but also has an emotional response to the disease. Because his mind is affected, his attitude and behavior change. The medical treatment might cure the patient's physical problems, but the patient's mind must fight the emotional ones. For example, the studies of one doctor, Carl Simonton, M. D., have shown that a typical cancer patient has predictable attitudes. She typically feels depressed, upset, and angry. Her constant depression makes her acts unfriendly toward her family, friends, doctors, and nurses. Such attitudes and behaviors prevent recovery. Therefore, a doctor's treatment must help the patient change that. Simonton's method emphasizes treatment of the “whole” patient.
The attitude of a cancer patient receiving radiation therapy, an X-ray treatment, can become more positive. The physician who is following Simonton's psychological treatment plan suggests that the patient imagine that he or she can see the tumor（腫瘤） in the body. In the mental picture, the patient "sees" a powerful beam of radiation like a million bullets of energy. The patient imagines the beam hitting the tumor cells and causing them to shrink. For another cancer patient, Dr. Simonton asks him to imagine the medicine going from the stomach into the bloodstream and to the cancer cells. The patient imagines that the medicine is like an army fighting the diseased cells and sees the cancer cells gradually dying and his blood carry away the dead cells. Both the medical therapy and the patient's positive attitude fight the disease.
Doctors are not certain why this mental therapy works. However, this use of psychology does help some patients because their attitudes about themselves change. They become more confident because they use the power within their own minds to help stop the disease.
Another application of using the mind to help cure disease is the use of suggestion therapy. At first, the doctor helps the patient to concentrate deeply. The patient thinks only about one thing. He becomes so unaware of other things around him that he is asleep, or rather in a trance（催眠狀態(tài)）. Then the physician makes “a suggestion” to the patient about the medical problem. The patient's mind responds to the suggestion even after the patient is no longer in the trance. In this way, the patient uses his mind to help his body respond to treatment.
Doctors have learned that this use of psychology is helpful for both adults and children. For example, physicians have used suggestion to help adults deal with the strong pain of some disease. Furthermore, sometimes the adult patient worries about her illness so much that the anxiety keeps her from getting well. The right suggestions may help the patient to stop being anxious. Such treatment may help the patient with a chronic（慢性的）diseases. Asthma （哮喘） is an example of a chronic disorder. Asthma is a disease that causes the patient to have difficulty in breathing. The patient starts to cough and sometimes has to fight to get the air that he or she needs. Psychology can help relieve the symptoms of this disorder. After suggestion therapy, the asthma patient breathes more easily.
Physicians have learned that the psychological method is very useful in treating children. Children respond quickly to the treatment because they are fascinated by it. For example, Dr. Basil R. Collison has worked with 121 asthmatic children in Sydney, Australia, and had good results. Twenty-five of the children had Excellent results. They were able to breathe more easily, and they did not need medication. Another forty-three were also helped. The symptoms of the asthma occurred less frequently, and when they did, they were not as strong. Most of the children also felt better about themselves. Doctors have also used suggestion to change habits like nail-biting, thumb-sucking, and sleep-related problems.
Many professional medical groups have accepted the medical use of psychology and that psychology has important applications in medicine.
【小題1】What does the passage mainly discuss?

A．How suggestion therapy benefits adults and children.

B．How modern therapy focuses on the disease.

C．Responses from the medical world.

D．How to use the mind against disease.

【小題2】How does psychological therapy work?

A．The patient waits for the medicine and treatment to cure him.

B．The doctor uses medical treatment to cure the patient's problems.

C．The doctor, the medicine, and the patient work together to fight disease.

D．The patient uses his mind to cure himself.

【小題3】What can we learn from the studies of Carl Simonton, M. D.?
A. The medical treatment can cure the patient's mental disease.
B. The treatment of a patient by treating the body and the mind is necessary.
C. The mental treatment is more important than medical treatment.
D. Few patients have emotional response to the disease.
【小題4】The use of psychological therapy is helpful to some patients in that            .

A．the medical effect is better with psychological therapy than without it

B．the patients can see a powerful beam of radiation hitting their tumor cells

C．the patients' attitudes towards themselves have changed

D．the patients are easy to accept the methods the doctors use to treat them

【小題5】It can be learned from the passage that suggestion therapy cannot be used to            .

A．help adults deal with the strong pain of some diseases

B．help the patients with chronic diseases

C．help change some bad habits

D．help cure patients of insomnia（失眠癥）

【小題6】According to the passage, which of the following remains unknown so far?

A．The value of mental therapy.

B．The effectiveness of suggestion therapy.

C．The working principle of suggestion therapy.

D．The importance of psychology in medical treatment.

Paragraph 1
Scientists have learned a lot about the kinds of food people need. They say that there are several kinds of food that people should eat every day. They are: (1) green and yellow vegetables of all kinds. (2) citrus(柑桔) fruits and tomatoes; (3) potatoes and other fruits and vegetables; (4) meat of all kinds, fish and eggs; (5) milk and foods made from milk; (6) bread or cereal(谷類), rice is also in this kind of food; (7) butter, or something like butter.
Paragraph 2                                                                 
People in different countries and different places of the world eat different kinds of things. Foods are cooked and eaten in many different kinds of ways. People in different countries eat at different times of the day. In some places people eat once or twice a day; in other countries people eat three or four times a day. Scientists say that none of the differences is really important. It doesn’t matter whether foods are eaten raw or cooked, canned or frozen. It doesn’t matter if a person eats dinner at 4 o’clock in the afternoon or at eleven o’clock at night. The important thing is what you eat every day.
Paragraph 3
There are two problems, then, in feeding the large number of people on earth. The first is to find some ways to feed the world’s population so that no one is hungry.The second is to make sure that people everywhere have the right kinds of food to make them grow to be strong and healthy.
【小題1】According to the scientists, which of the following groups of food is the healthiest for your lunch?

A．chicken, apples, cereal, cabbages	B．potatoes, carrots, rice, bread
C．oranges, bananas, fish, tomatoes	D．beef, pork, fish, milk

【小題2】It is important for people to eat _______.

A．three times a day	B．dinner at twelve o’clock
C．cooked food all the day	D．something from each of the seven kinds of food every day

【小題3】People in different countries and different places of the world _______.

A．has the right kinds of food to eat	B．cooks their food in the same way
C．has their meals at the same time	D．eat food in different ways

【小題4】If there is Paragraph 4, what do you think is going to be talked about?

A．When people eat their lunch	B．What to do with the two problems
C．How to cook food in different ways	D．Why people eat different kinds of food

Anger is good for you, as long as you control it, according to new psychology research. A new study from Carnegie Mellon University shows anger may help people reduce the negative impacts of stress and help you become healthier.
“Here getting emotional is not bad for you if you look at the case of anger,” said Jennifer Lerner of Carnegie Mellon. “The more people display anger, the lower their stress responses.”
Lerner studied 92 UCLA students by asking them to count back from 6,200. They must say out loud every thirteenth number. Researchers disturbed them by asking them to count faster or ask them other questions. If they made any mistakes, they had to restart from the very beginning. Many students felt depressed about making so many mistakes or got angry.
Lerner used a hidden video camera and recorded all their facial expressions during the test. The researchers describe their reactions as fear, anger and disgust.
Other researchers recorded the students’ blood pressure, pulse and production of a high-stress hormone（荷爾蒙）called cortisol. People whose faces showed more fear during the experiment had higher blood pressure and higher levels of the hormone. Both can have lasting effects such as diabetes（糖尿�。�, heart disease, depression and extra weight gain.
When people feel fear, negative impacts increase, but when they get angry, those negatives go down, according to the study.
“Having that sense of anger leads people to actually feel some power in what otherwise is a maddening（令人發(fā)狂的）situation,” Lerner said.
Lerner previously studied Americans’ emotional response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks two months after the incident. She found people who reacted with anger were more optimistic. These people are healthier compared with those who were frightened during the event. So in maddening situations, anger is not a bad thing to have. It’s a healthier response than fear.
【小題1】What is the story mainly about?

A．The findings of new psychology research.

B．What you can do with anger in certain cases.

C．Different effects produced by anger and fear.

D．Healthier responses in maddening situations.

【小題2】Which statement will Jennifer Lerner agree with?

A．It’s better to be angry than to be frightened.

B．Different reactions reflect different outlooks on life.

C．Don’t control your anger and it makes you powerful.

D．Pessimistic people are generally healthier than optimistic people.

【小題3】 What does the underlined word “both” refer to according to the passage?

A．Fear and anger.	B．Blood pressure and pulse.
C．Blood pressure and cortiso1.
D．Higher blood pressure and higher levels of the hormone.

【小題4】In what ways can anger be beneficial to people?

A．By showing their optimistic side.	B．By reducing their stress.
C．By reducing high blood pressure.	D．By taking the place of fear.

【小題5】The researchers irritated（激怒）the students by __________.

A．recording their performance secretly

B．a(chǎn)sking them to count to 6, 200 again and again

C．disturbing them and making them start all over again

D．criticizing them when they made mistakes

Many of us believe that a person’s mind becomes less active as he grows older．But this is not true，according to Dr．Lissy F．Jarvik，professor of psychiatry(精神病學(xué))at the University of California，Los Angeles，and a board member of the New Center for Aging at the Veterans Hospital．She has studied the mental functioning of aging persons for several years.For example，one of her studies concerns 136 pairs of twins, who were first examined when they were already 60 years old．As Dr．Jarvik continued the study of the twins into their 70s and 80s，their minds did not generally decline(下降)as was expected．
However，there was some decline in their psycho-motor(精神運(yùn)動的)speed． This means that it took them longer to accomplish mental tasks than it used to．But when speed was not a factor，they lost very little intellectual (智力的) ability over the years.In general，Dr．Jarvik’s studies have shown that there is no decline in knowledge or reasoning ability．This is true not only into the 30s and 40s，but into the 60s and 70s as well．
As for learning new things，and ability to remember，studies by Dr．Jarvik and others show that the old are equal to the young．It is true that older people themselves often complain that their memory is not as good as it once was．However，much of  what we call“l(fā)oss of memory”is not that at a11．
In the cases where the older person’s mind really seems to decline，it is not necessarilv a sign of a decay due to becoming old or“senility”．Often it is simply a sign of a depressed emotional state．This depression usually can be got rid of by counseling(咨詢)with a psychologist，or medicine which fights depression.
In American society，when an older person loses something，we tend to call him or her“senile”．But notice that when a younger person loses something，he does not blame it on senility or loss of memory．He finds some other excuse!
【小題1】A long-term study of 136 pairs of twins showed that the only factor that declined over the years was  .

A．mental health	B．intellectual ability
C．the amount of knowledge	D．psycho-motor speed

【小題2】According to Dr．Jarvik’s studies，middle-aged and older persons should expect to     .

A．reason better	B．learn fewer new things
C．remember less	D．1ose little ability to remember

【小題3】The word“senility”most likely means       .

A．excellent health	B．weakness in body and mind because of old age
C．occasional forgetfulness	D．giving up one’s life

【小題4】Both younger and older persons should realize that          .

A．a(chǎn) sign of a decay due to old age or“senility’’is a common thing

B．older persons are wiser than younger ones because of different knowledge amount

C．senility or mental decay due to aging is much less common than most of us believe

D．a(chǎn) sign of a depressed emotional state is not a reason of decay

More and more scientific experiments prove that physical exercise can reduce the dangers of some illnesses in middle-aged persons．Exercise strengthens the heart muscle，reduces blood pressure and help to prevent muscles from changing into fat．Physical exercise is just as important for children．
Exercise and food affect growing speed in young lab animals．Baby mice start running as soon as they are big enough to use an exercise wheel in their cage．If  they get extra food and run a lot，they will grow as much as 1.5 times bigger than normal．
The same differences in growing speed might be found between active and inactive children．Physical exercise helps active children grow faster than inactive children．One experiment shows that the brains of the mice that had enough exercise weighed about 3％more than those of the mice that did not exercise The mice that exercised are much quicker to learn doing new exercise than the mice that did not exercise．
The results of the experiments suppose the theory that exercise can help babies learn to talk and walk sooner than expected．
The good effects of physical exercise are not limited to children and middle-aged people．Exercise continues to be an important part of our lives after we grow old．For example，people over 50 years old begin to lose calcium(鈣) from their bones，which get weaker and can break easily．Physical exercise，however，helps to strengthen the bones and to prevent them from losing calcium．Of course，old people can take medicines to prevent themselves from suffering from losing calcium．But the medicines they take increase the chance of developing some kind of cancer(癌)．So physical exercise is a much safer treatment(治療)．
【小題1】From the passage we know that         .

A．mice need to eat more and exercise more

B．children need more exercise than other people

C．old people like to take medicine to treat their illnesses

D．middle-aged people are easy to get fat

【小題2】Active children        than inactive children．

A．enjoy walking more

B．a(chǎn)re cleverer and healthier

C．a(chǎn)re stronger but more foolish

D．a(chǎn)re cleverer but weaker

【小題3】Why are the bones of old people easy to break according to the passage?

A．Because they are easy to become ill．

B．Because they eat less than other people．

C．Because they have less exercise than other people．

D．there is less calcium in their bones than in those of other people．

【小題4】The passage tells people that       .

A．only middle-aged persons can benefit from physical exercise

B．physical exercise can do good to both the middle-aged and children

C．people of different ages can all benefit from physical exercise

D．physical exercise is the safest treatment for losing calcium

When you close your eyes and try to think of the shape of your own body, what you imagine (or rather, what you feel) is quite different from what you see when you open your eyes and look in the mirror. The image you feel is much vaguer（模糊的） than the one you see. And if you lie still, it is quite hard to imagine yourself as having any particular size or shape.
When you move, when you feel the weight of your arms and legs and the natural resistance of the objects around you, the “felt” image of yourself starts to become clearer. It is almost as if it were created by your own actions and the feelings they cause.
The image you create for yourself has rather strange proportions（部分）; certain parts feel much larger than they look. If you get a hole in one of your teeth, it feels enormous; you are often surprised by how small it looks when you inspect it in the mirror.
Although the “felt” image may not have the shape you see in the mirror, it is much more important. It is the image through which you recognize your physical existence in the world. In spite of its strange proportions, it is all one piece, and since it has a consistent(前后一致的) right and left and atop and bottom, it allows you to locate new feelings when they occur. It allows you to find your nose in the dark and point to a pain.
If the felt image is damaged for any reason—if it is cut in half or lost as it often is after certain strokes （中風(fēng)）which wipe out recognition of one entire side –these tasks become almost impossible. What is more, it becomes hard to make sense of one’s own visual appearance. If one half of the “felt” image is wiped out or injured, the patient stops recognizing the affected part of his body. It is hard for him to find the location of feelings on that side, and, although he feels the doctor’s touch, he locates it as being on the undamaged side.
【小題1】According to the passage the “felt” image       the mirror image.

A．is precisely the same as	B．is as clear as
C．often differens from	D．is always much smaller than

【小題2】Which the following staterants is NOT true?

A．The felt Image is much more important because it helps you locate new feelings.

B．When you are in bed with your eyes closed, it is not easy to imagine your image.

C．When you move, the “felt” image of yourself starts to become clearer.

D．The “felt” image is not so important as the mirror image.

【小題3】If a man loses the ability to recognize his right side,           .

A．he can’t locate the doctor’s touch on his left side

B．he can’t locate the doctor’s touch on his right side

C．he loses his sense of touch on the left side

D．he loses feeling on both sides

【小題4】What is this passage mainly about?

A．Stroke victims’“felt” images	B．Stroke victims’ mirror images.
C．The importance of “felt” images	D．The importance of mirror images.

Health officials issued a waring over common energy-saving l一ghtbulbs(燈泡) after research showed some types could potentially harm the skin and may even raise the risk of cancer.
A study by the Health Protection Agency (HPA) found that some eco-friendly lightbuulbs release levels of ultraviolet (UV) (紫外線) radiation that are above recognized safety limits. The agency urged people who work with lamps nearby to avoid spending more than one hour within a foot of the eco-friendly bulbs. The warning was directed at those using desk lamps for long periods, such as jewellery makers, and others who might have lights close to their faces, such as car mechanics.
John O’Hagan, a scientist at the HPA’s centre for radiation, chemical and environmental dangers, began tests on the ligthbulbs after patient groups raised concern about them. Among the groups were patients with a skin disease called lupus, which makes people highly sensitive to light.
The tests measured UV light from the lamps and found the highest levels of UV radiation, measured 2cm from the lightbulbs, were equivalent to being outside in direct sunlight in the summer. The most immediate risk from the lightbulbs is a reddening of the skin similar to sunburn, but there is also a small increased risk of skin cancer associated with this, again similar to that of sunburn.
The risk of health problems from the lightbulbs was not so high that people should remove them from their homes. People are advised to avoid using open lightbulbs for long close work until the problem is sorted out. It has confirmed that the government will not be reviewing its strategy on introducing energy efficient lightbulbs.
【小題1】The underlined word “equivalent” in paragraph 4  most probably means ______.

A．equal

B．vital

C．relevant

D．harmful

【小題2】In order not to be harmed by the UV radiation from some lightbulbs, people should ______.

A．stop using eco-friendly lightbulbs at home

B．a(chǎn)void using open lightbulbs for long close work

C．take care not to expose their skin to direct sunlight

D．urge the government to ban the use of lightbulbs

【小題3】In the next part, the author would most probably further explain _____.

A．why people needn’t remove the lightbulbs from their homes

B．how researchers have planned to sort out the problem

C．how the government has responded to HPA’s discovery

D．how long people should work close to the open lightbulbs

【小題4】We can learn from the passage that ____.

A．health officials issued a warning over common lightbulbs.

B．jewellery makers should avoid working with the eco-friendly bulbs for more than one hour

C．John O’Hagan did tests on the lightbulbs with some patients

D．people are advised to avoid using open lightbulbs for long close work

Long bus rides are like television shows. They have a beginning, a middle, and an end with commercials （商業(yè)廣告） thrown in every three or four minutes. The commercials are unavoidable. They happen whether you want them or not. Every couple of minutes a billboard glides by outside the bus window. "Buy Super Clean Toothpaste. ""Drink Good Wet Root Beer." "Fill up with Pacific Gas." Only if you sleep, which is equal to turning the television set off, are you spared the unending cry of "You Need It! Buy It Now!"
The beginning of the ride is comfortable and somewhat exciting, even if you’ve traveled that way before. Usually some things have changed—new houses, new buildings, sometimes even a new road. The bus driver has a style of driving and it’s fun to try to figure it out the first hour or so. If the driver is particularly reckless （魯莽的） or daring, the ride can be as thrilling （驚心動魄的） as a suspense story. Will the driver pass the truck in time? Will the driver move into the rightor the lefthand lane? After a while, of course, the excitement dies down. Sleeping for a while helps pass the middle hours of the ride. Food always makes bus rides more interesting. But you’ve got to be careful of what kind of food you eat. Too much salty food can make you very thirsty between stops.
The end of the ride is somewhat like the beginning. You know it will soon be over and there’s a kind of expectation and excitement in that. The seat of course, has become harder as the hours have passed. By now you’ve sat with your legs crossed, with your hands in your lap, with your hands on the armrests even with your hands crossed behind your head. The end comes just at no more ways to sit.
【小題1】According to the passage, what do the passengers usually see when they are on a long bus trip?

A．Buses on the road.	B．Films on television.
C．Advertisements on the billboards.	D．Gas stations.

【小題2】What is the purpose of this passage?

A．To give the writer’s opinion about long bus trips.

B．To persuade you to take a long bus trip.

C．To explain how bus trips and television shows differ.

D．To describe the billboards along the road.

【小題3】The writer feels long bus rides are like TV shows because____ .

A．the commercials both on TV shows and on billboards along the road are fun

B．they both have a beginning, a middle, and an end, with commercials in between

C．the drivers are always reckless on TV shows just as they are on buses

D．both traveling and watching TV are not exciting.

【小題4】The writer thinks the end of the ride is somewhat like the beginning because both are____ .

A．exciting

B．comfortable

C．tiring

D．boring

I’m fat. I’m too skinny. I’d be happy if I were taller, shorter, had curly hair, straight hair, a smaller nose, bigger muscles, longer legs. Do any of these statements sound familiar? Do you often put yourself down? If so, you’re not alone. As a teen, you’re going through a ton of changes in your body. And as your body changes, so does your image (形象) of yourself. Lots of people have trouble getting used to it and this can affect their confidence.
Some people think they need to change how they look or act to feel good about themselves. But actually all you need to do is change the way you see your body and how you think about yourself.
The first thing to do is recognize that your body is your own, no matter what shape, size, or color it comes in. If you’re very worried about your weight or size, go to your doctor to check that things are OK. But it’s no one’s business but your own what your body is like—finally, you have to be happy with yourself.
Next, find which aspects (方面) of your appearance you can change and which you can’t change and need to accept—like their height, for example, or their shoe size.
If there are things about yourself that you want to change and can do this by making goals for yourself. For example, if you want to get fit, make a pan to exercise every day and eat nutritious foods.
When you hear negative comments coming from within yourself, tell yourself to stop. Try building your confidence by listing three things in your day that really gave you pleasure. It can be anything like the way the sun felt on your face, the sound of your favorite band, or the way someone laughed at your jokes.
【小題1】From the first paragraph, we can infer that           .

A．many teens can’t accept their body change easily

B．most teens like to have a special body image

C．teens prefer to change their body image quickly

D．teens usually change their opinions on their body image

【小題2】Which of the following does the author probably agree with?

A．Change the way other people look at you.

B．Go to your doctor for advice on how to change your body.

C．Realize you can’t change everything about yourself.

D．源Learn from some celebrities on how to change your body.

【小題3】The underlined phrase “put yourself down” in the first paragraph probably means          .

A．make yourself fall down	B．say negative things about yourself
C．force yourself to do something	D．write down your name somewhere

【小題4】The passage is mainly about           .

A．how to adjust to the changes of your body

B．how to build confidence by changing your body

C．how to keep an attractive body image

D．how to find pleasure in your day