An alcohol breath test (ABT) is often used by the police to find out whether a person is drunk while driving.In the United States，the legal blood alcohol limit is 0.08% for people aged 21 years or older，while people under 21 are not allowed to drive a car with any level of alcohol in their body.A “positive” test result，a result over the legal limit，allows the police to arrest the driver.However，many people who tested positive on the test have claimed that they only drank a “non­alcoholic” energy drink.Can one of these energy drinks really cause someone to test positive on an ABT？Researchers in Missouri set up an experiment to find out.
First，the amount of alcohol in 27 different popular energy drinks was measured.All but one had an alcohol level greater than 0.005%.In nine of the 27 drinks，the alcohol level was at least 0.096%.The scientists then investigated the possibility that these small levels of alcohol could be discovered by an ABT.They asked test subjects to drink a full can or bottle of an energy drink and then gave each subject an ABT one minute and 15 minutes after the drink was finished.
For 11 of the 27 energy drinks，the ABT did find the presence of alcohol if the test was given within one minute after the drink was taken.However，alcohol could not be discovered for any of the drinks if the test was given 15 minutes after the drink was consumed.This shows that when the test is taken plays an important role in the test result.The sooner the test is conducted after the consumption of these drinks，the more likely a positive alcohol reading will be obtained.
【小題1】What is the legal alcohol level for a 20­year­old driver in the US?

A．0.000%.	B．0.005%.
C．0.080%.	D．0.096%.

【小題2】What is the purpose of the Missouri experiment?

A．To introduce a new method of calculating blood alcohol levels.

B．To discover the relation between energy drinks and ABT test results.

C．To warn people of the dangers of drinking energy drinks.

D．To change the current legal alcohol limit for drivers in the United States.

【小題3】The underlined word “subjects” in Paragraph 2 refers to________.

A．the things that are being discussed

B．a(chǎn)reas of knowledge studied in school

C．the participants in an experiment

D．the people who belong to a country

【小題4】Which of the following affects the ABT test result most for energy drink consumers?

A．The age of the person who takes the test.

B．The place where the test is given.

C．The equipment that the test uses.

D．The time when the test is taken.

【小題5】Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A．A driver whose blood alcohol level is found to be 0.1% will be arrested.

B．No energy drinks really cause anyone to test positive on an ABT.

C．Few popular energy drinks contain alcohol in them.

D．Those taking an ABT 15 minutes after drinking alcohol cannot be found out.

(2014·德州模擬)Some animals will defend their territory by fighting with those who try to invade it.Fighting，however，is not often the best choice，since it uses up a large amount of energy，and can result in injury or even death.Most animals rely on various threats，either through sounds or smells.The songs of birds，the drumming of woodpeckers and the loud calls of monkeys are all warnings that carry for long distances，advertising to possible invaders that someone else’s territory is being approached.Many animals rely on smells to mark their territories or leaving droppings around the territories.Other animals will be warned off the territory without ever meeting with the territory’s defender.

Sometimes，these warnings may be ignored，and an invader may move accidentally into a neighboring territory，or two animals may meet near the border of their nearby territories.When the two animals meet，they will generally threaten each other with visual (視覺的) displays.These displays will often exaggerate an animal’s size by putting up feathers or fur，or will show off the animal’s weapons.The animals may go through all the behavior of fighting without ever actually touching each other.The displays are generally performed best near the center of an animal’s territory，where it is more likely to attack an invader and where retreating becomes more of a choice.
Actual fighting usually only happens in overcrowded conditions，when resources are not enough.Serious injury can result，and old or sick animals may die，leading to a more balanced population size.Under most natural conditions，territoriality is an effective way of maintaining a healthy population.The study of social behaviors such as territoriality in animals may also help us to understand human society.
【小題1】What topic is the passage mainly involved in?

A．What animals’ territory is usually like.

B．How animals deal with different threats.

C．How animals defend their territory.

D．Where animal fights take place frequently.

【小題2】For most animals，what’s their first response to the possible invaders to defend their    territory?

A．Fighting in groups.

B．Threatening and warning.

C．Escaping before being hurt.

D．Asking partners for help.

【小題3】What does the underlined word “exaggerate” in the second paragraph mean?

A．enlarge	B．change
C．shake	D．shrink

【小題4】An actual fight will happen when________.

A．a(chǎn)nimals meet near the border of their territories

B．the invader enters the defender’s territories

C．the defender notices the invader smaller than itself

D．the living resources are limited in the territory

【小題5】The last paragraph tells us that territoriality has an influence on the________of the animals.

A．communication	B．condition
C．population	D．migration

Global Positioning Systems (全球定位系統(tǒng)) are now a part of everyday driving in many countries.These satellite­based systems provide turn­by­turn directions to help people get to where they want to go.However，they can also cause a lot of problems，send you to the wrong place or leave you completely lost.Many times，the driver is to blame.Sometimes a GPS error is responsible.Most often，says Barry Brown，it is a combination of the two.
Barry Brown is with the Mobile Life Centre in Stockholm，Sweden.He told us about an incident involving a friend who had flown to an airport in the eastern United States.There he borrowed a GPS­equipped car to use during his stay.Mr Brown says，“They just plugged in an address and then set off to their destination.And，then it wasn’t until they were driving for thirty minutes that they realized they actually put in a destination back on the West Coast where they lived.They actually put their home address in.So again，the GPS is kind of ‘garbage in garbage out’．”
Mr Brown says this is a common human error，but what makes the problem worse has to do with some of the shortcomings，or failures，of GPS equipment.He says，“One problem with a lot of the GPS units is they have a very small screen and they just tell you the next turn.Because they just give you the next turn，sometimes that means that it is not really giving you the overview that you would need to know that it’s going to the wrong place.”
Mr Brown says，“One of the things that struck us，perhaps the most important thing was that you have to know what you’re doing when you use a GPS.There are these new skills that people have developed.There are these new competencies (資格) that you need to have to be able to use a GPS because they sometimes go wrong.This goes against a common belief that GPS systems are for passive drivers who lack navigational skills.”
Barry Brown says to make GPS systems better we need a better understanding of how drivers，passengers and GPS systems work together.
【小題1】According to Barry Brow，in most cases，________are blame for the problems.

A．human errors

B．GPS errors

C．errors caused by both drivers and GPS

D．errors caused by putting in a wrong address

【小題2】The example of Barry Brown’s friend is used to show that________.

A．GPS is nothing but garbage

B．GPS is still not accurate enough

C．it is difficult for drivers to use GPS equipment

D．sometimes drivers are responsible for the problem

【小題3】It can be inferred from the second paragraph that________.

A．it’s impossible to drive from the east to the west in the US

B．Barry Brown’s friend went to Stockholm，Sweden by plane

C．given wrong instructions，the GPS will produce wrong results

D．GPS systems are for passive drivers who lack navigational skills

【小題4】Which of the followings is one of the shortcomings of GPS equipment?

A．It just tells the driver to turn once at a time.

B．It gives the driver the overview.

C．Its screen is too small to be seen clearly.

D．It is only suitable for passive drivers.

【小題5】What’s the main idea of the text?

A．GPS systems are helpful for drivers.

B．Driving with GPS can be difficult to navigate (導(dǎo)航)．

C．Drivers should understand how GPS systems work.

D．Drivers should learn to use GPS systems correctly.

The forces that make Japan one of the world’s most earthquake­prone (有地震傾向的) countries could become part of its long­term energy solution.
Water from deep below the ground at Japan’s tens of thousands of hot springs could be used to produce electricity.
Although Japanese high­tech companies are leaders in geothermal (地熱的) technology and export it，its use is limited in the nation.
“Japan should no doubt make use of its resources of geothermal energy，” said  Yoshiyasu Takefuji，a leading researcher of thermal­electric power production.
The disastrous earthquake and tsunami on March 11,2011 caused a reaction against atomic power，which previously made up 30 percent of Japan’s energy needs，and increased interest in alternative energies，which accounted for only 8 percent.
Artist Yoko Ono has called on Japan to explore its natural energy，following the example of Iceland which uses renewable energy for more than 80 percent of its needs.
For now，geothermal energy makes up less than 1 percent of the energy needs in Japan，which has for decades relied heavily on fossil fuels and atomic power.
The biggest problem to geothermal energy is the high initial cost of the exploration and constructing the factories.Another problem is that Japan’s potentially best sites are already being developed for tourism or are located within national parks where construction is forbidden.
“We can’t even dig 10 cm inside national parks.” said Shigeto Yamada of Fuji Electric，adding that regulations protecting nature would need to be relaxed for geothermal energy to grow.
Researcher Hideaki Matsui said，“Producing electricity using hot springs is a decades­long project.We also have to think about what to do for now as energy supplies will decline in the short term.”
The Earth Policy Institute in Washington，US，believed Japan could produce 80 000 megawatts (兆瓦) and meet more than half its electricity needs with geothermal technology.
Japanese giants such as Toshiba are already global leaders in geothermal technology，with a 70 percent market share.In 2010，F(xiàn)uji Electric built the world’s largest geothermal factory in New Zealand.
【小題1】What would be the best title for the text?

A．Alternative energies in Japan

B．World’s largest geothermal plant

C．Japan takes the lead in geothermal technology

D．Japan thinks of geothermal energy

【小題2】What percentage of Japan’s energy needs is geothermal energy?

A．About 8%.	B．Below 1%.
C．Around 30%.	D．Over 80%.

【小題3】According to Shigeto Yamada，the growth of geothermal power in Japan needs________.

A．a(chǎn) change of rules	B．financial support
C．local people’s help	D．high technology

【小題4】Geothermal energy is considered as a long­term program by________.

A．Yoshiyasu Takefuji	B．Hideaki Matsui
C．Shigeto Yamada	D．Yoko Ono

【小題5】It can be learned from the last two paragraphs that________.

A．the world’s biggest geothermal plant was built by America

B．Japan will not export its geothermal technology

C．the potential of Japan’s geothermal energy is great

D．it is hard to find geothermal energy in Japan

On October 12,1989，some British scientists were working at the computers to look for the information they needed.Suddenly they saw a lot of very bright points crossing the computer screens.At the same time the computers were working much slower.To find out what was happening they stopped their work to check some parts of the computers.To their horror，they found out that most of their stored information was got rid of by computer viruses(病毒)！Clearly all these computers had been infected by computer viruses.
It is said that the computer viruses were made by a group of young men fond of playing tricks.They all had excellent education.They created the viruses just to show their intelligence. These kinds of computer viruses are named Jerusalem Viruses.These viruses can stay in computers for a long time.When the time comes they will attack(襲擊)the computers by lowering the functions，damaging their normal programs or even getting rid of all the information.
We now come to know that Jerusalem Viruses often attack computers on Friday and that they are spreading(傳播)to a lot of computers.Among the countries that were attacked by computer viruses last year are Britain，Australia，Switzerland and the U．S.But till now，how to get rid of the terrible viruses remains a problem.
【小題1】When the viruses attack the computers，the computers will work________.

A．normally

B．slowly

C．faster

D．well

【小題2】The group of young men created the viruses to________.

A．damage the computers

B．test their ability

C．tell people that they were intelligent

D．play a trick on users of the computers

【小題3】According to the passage，computer viruses seem to ________.

A．have been in nature for years

B．stay in any computers

C．be difficult to get rid of at present

D．be able to be got rid of in the near future

【小題4】According to the passage，which of the following is TRUE?

A．Last year six countries found their computers were infected by viruses.

B．The viruses will come to a new computer after staying in the old one for some time.

C．Scientists are trying to find a way to get rid of the viruses.

D．The Jerusalem Viruses are dangerous to human health.

Urban citizens(市民)can enjoy a more colorful life than rural citizens.Townspeople are well­informed because they have the easier access to news，while country people are uniformed because these districts are hard to get to.Urban traffic is so well­developed that the residents there often visit exhibitions and parks which are only a short bus ride away. For country people this is a major operation which involves considerable planning.Shopping，a necessary activity in everyday life is more convenient in the city than in the countryside. Townspeople can buy what they want at any time of a day.But rural residents go to town at most once a week.So after shopping they always stagger home loaded with heavy purchases. As for as meals and clothes concerned，townspeople are well­fed and well­dressed as there is an adequate(足夠的)supply of goods.But rural residents are too busy to pay particular attention to them.It is for these reasons that more and more people are moving into the city and looking for a rest there.
On the contrary，some people are attracted by the rural area.Air pollution，noise and overcrowding which are the biggest problems confronting townspeople seem strange for rural residents.Medical studies have proved that rural residents can live longer than urban residents, because they are free from a polluted environment. In addition，the crime rate in the city is several times higher than in the countryside.As is known to all，the life in any city is much more expensive than in the countryside.So the safe, quiet and cheap life in the country appeals to(對……有吸引力)many city residents.
Either an urban or a rural area gives pleasure and trouble.But，I believe，the suburban area has the excellencies(優(yōu)點)of both and is superior to both.As the automobile industry develops，more and more people will make their homes in suburban areas.
【小題1】When visiting an exhibition in town，country people have to ________.

A．listen to local news	B．take a bus
C．make a careful plan	D．a(chǎn)sk friends for help

【小題2】Paragraph 1 mainly tells us the differences between urban and rural life in ________.

A．communication，traffic and shopping

B．traffic，shopping and diet

C．education，living conditions and housing

D．traffic，medicine and shopping

【小題3】According to the passage，rural people are not as well­dressed as urban citizens mainly because________.

A．they live far away from town

B．they live a poorer life

C．they are busy with their work

D．they don't like to dress up

【小題4】 For rural residents，the problems the urban citizens facing are________.

A．common	B．unfamiliar
C．well­known	D．unimportant

Against the supposition than forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia warm the climate, scientists have discovered that cooling may occur in areas where burnt trees allow more snow to mirror more sunlight into space.
This finding suggests that taking steps to prevent northern forest to limit the release of greenhouse gases may warm the climate in northern regions. Usually large fires destroyed forests in these areas over the past decade. Scientists predict that with climate warming, fires may occur more frequently over next several centuries as result of a longer fire season. Sunlight taken in by the earth tends to cause warming, while heat mirrored back into space tends to cause cooling.
This is the first study to analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate. Earlier studies by other scientists have suggested that fire in northern regions speed up climate warming because greenhouse gases from burning trees and plants are released into the atmosphere and thus trap heat.
Scientists found that right after the fire, large amounts of greenhouse gases entered the atmosphere and caused warming. Ozone(臭氧)levels increased, and ash from the fire fell on far­off sea ice, darkening the surface and causing more radiation from the sun to be taken in. The following spring, however, the land within the area of the fire was brighter than before the fire, because fewer trees covered the ground. Snow on the ground mirrored more sunlight back into space, leading to cooling.
“We need to find out all possible ways to reduce the growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.” Scientists tracked the change in amount of radiation entering and leaving the climate system as a result of the fire, and found a measurement closely related to the global air temperature. Typically, fire in northern regions occurs in the same area every 80 to 150 years. Scientists, however, found that when fire occurs more frequently, more radiation is lost from the earth and cooling results. Specifically, they determined when fire returns 20 years earlier than predicated, 0.5 watts per square meter of area burned are soaked_up by the earth from greenhouse gases, but 0.9 watts per square meter will be sent back into space. The net effect is cooling. Watts are used to measure the rate at which energy is gained or lost from the earth.
【小題1】According to the new findings, taking steps to prevent northern forest fires may ________.

A．result in a warming climate

B．cause the forest fires to occur more frequently

C．lead to a longer fire season

D．protect the forests and the environment there

【小題2】The following are all the immediate effects after a forest fire EXCEPT________.

A．large amounts of greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere

B．the levels of ozone which is a type of oxygen increase

C．snow on the ground mirrors more sunlight back into space

D．a(chǎn)shes from the fire fall on the ice surface and take in more radiation from the sun

【小題3】Earlier studies about northern forest fires ________.

A．a(chǎn)nalyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate

B．indicate that forest fires will pollute the atmosphere

C．suggest that people should take measures to protect environment

D．suggest that the fires will speed up climate warming

【小題4】The underlined phrase “soak up” in the last paragraph most probably means ________.

A．released

B．a(chǎn)bsorbed

C．created

D．distributed

The sound of a mosquito can mean trouble in many parts of the world. The bite of the mosquito can be deadly. The insects carry serious diseases like malaria. It is estimated that almost 630,000 people died from malaria and malaria-related causes in 2012, and most of these cases were in African countries.
In the United States, a group of California scientists is working to develop a more effective and less costly substance(物質(zhì))to protect people from mosquitoes. The researchers are investigating the sense of smell in mosquitoes. They found the insects use the same receptor(感受器)for identifying carbon dioxide in human breath as they do for the smell of our skin. Anandasankar Ray, who is leading the investigation, says scientists tested more than a million chemical compounds(化合物)until they found a substance called Ethyl pyruvate. He says Ethyl pyruvate makes the mosquitoes' receptor inactive. ”When we apply Ethyl pyruvate to a human arm and offer it to hungry mosquitoes in a cage, very few of the mosquitoes are attracted to the human arm because only a few of them are able to smell it out,” said Ray.
Genevieve Tauxe, a member of the research team, says it was not easy to find the neurons (神經(jīng)元)of nose cells that recognise both the smell of human breath and skin. "With the device used to examine mosquitoes, we are able to insert a very small electrode(電極)into the part of the mosquitoes' nose, where its smelling neurons are and where the smell is happening," said Tauxe.
Anandasankar Ray says a product based on Ethyl pyruvate may cost less to produce than DEFT，the most effective chemical treatment now in use. He says DEFT is too costly for most people who live in areas affected by malaria.
“Perhaps by finding smells that can attack other target receptors, we will be able to improve upon DEFT and finally have the next generation of insect behavior control products," said Ray.
【小題1】The best title for the passage is most probably _______________________________.

A．Scientists Find New Substance to Fight Mosquitoes

B．A New Generation of DEET Has Been Developed to Kill Mosquitoes

C．Malaria一a Serious Disease Causing 630,000 Deaths

D．Ethyl Pyruvate一an Insect Behavior Control Product

【小題2】According to the passage, Ethyl Pyruvate can_______________________________.

A．kill the mosquitoes' smelling neurons

B．cause the mosquitoes to lose their sense of smell

C．result in the inactiveness of the mosquitoes' receptor

D．make the mosquitoes uninterested in human breath and skin smell

【小題3】Through the passage, the writer aims to_______________________________.

A．inform readers of the new development in fighting mosquitoes

B．praise the achievements made in the battle against malaria

C．introduce a cheaper product in fighting mosquitoes

D．tell the differences between Ethyl Pyruvate and DEET

【小題4】This passage most probably appears in_______________________________.

A．the column of newspaper ads

B．the health column of a magazine

C．a(chǎn) textbook of medical schools

D．a(chǎn) collection of doctors' essays

A world-famous Canadian author, Margaret Atwood, has created the world’s first long-distance signing device(裝置), the LongPen.
After many tiring……from city to city, Atwood thought there must be a better way to do them . She hired some technical experts and started her own company in 2004. Together they designed the LongPen. Here’s how it works: The author writes a personal message and signature on a computer tablet(手寫板) using a special pen. On the receiving end, in another city, a robotic arm fitted with a regular pen signs the book. The author and fan can talk with each other via webcams(網(wǎng)絡(luò)攝像機) and computer screens。
Work on the LongPen began in Atwood’s basement(地下室). At first, they had no idea it would be as hard as it turned out to be. The device went through several versions, including one that actually had smoke coming out of it. The investing finally completed, teat runs w ere made in Ottawa, and the LongPen was officially launched at the 2006 London Book Fair. From here , Atwood conducted two transatlantic book signings of her latest book for fans in Toronto and New York City.
The LongPen produces a unique signature each time because it copies the movement of the author in real time. It has several other potential applications. It could increase credit card security and allow people to sign contracts from another province. The video exchange between signer and receiver can be recorded on DVD for proof when legal documents are used.
“It’s really fun”, said the owner of a bookstore, who was present for one of the test runs. “Obviously you can’t shake hands with the author but there are chances for a connection that you don’t get from a regular book signing..
The response to the invention has not been all favorable. Atwood has received criticism from authors who think she is trying to end book tours. But she said, “It will be possible to go to places that you never got sent to before because the publishers couldn’t  afford it.”
【小題1】Why did Atwood decide to invent the LongPen?
A. To set up her own company
B. To win herself greater popularity
C. To write her books in a new way
C. To make book signings less tiring
【小題2】How does the LongPen work?

A．I copies the author’s signature and prints it on a book.

B．It signs a book while receiving the author’s signature.

C．The webcam sends the author’s signature to another city.

D．The fan uses it to copy the author’s signature himself.

【小題3】What do we know about the invention of the LongPen?

A．It has been completed but not put into use.

B．The basement caught fire by accident.

C．Some versions failed before its test run.

D．The designers were well-prepared for the difficulty.

【小題4】How could the LongPen be used in the future?

A．To draft legal documents.

B．To improve credit card security

C．To keep a record of the author’s ideas.

D．To allow author and fan to exchange videos

【小題5】What could be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6?

A．Atwood doesn’t mean to end book tours.

B．Critics think the LongPen is of little use

C．Bookstore owners do not support the LongPen

D．Publishers dislike the LongPen for its high cost

If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虛擬現(xiàn)實）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."
The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.
To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.
Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏見）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.
The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."
【小題1】The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.

A．building

B．exchanging

C．controlling

D．transplanting

【小題2】We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.

A．our feelings are related to our bodily experience

B．we can learn to take control of other people's bodies

C．participants will live more passionately after the experiment

D．The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes

【小題3】In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character, ______.

A．they fought strongly against racism

B．they scored lower on the test for racism

C．they changed their behaviour dramatically

D．they were more biased against those unlike them

【小題4】It can be concluded from the passage that______.

A．technology helps people realize their dreams

B．our biases could be eliminated through experiments

C．virtual reality helps promote understanding among people

D．our points of view about others need changing constantly