2009年高考單項(xiàng)填空分析指導(dǎo)（一）

高考試題的命題者在命題時(shí)，往往會(huì)使用一些技巧，或者說(shuō)設(shè)置一些陷阱，以增加單選題的難度。如果同學(xué)們對(duì)這些技巧有所了解，就可破解所設(shè)陷阱，提高單選題的得分率。

技巧一：改變句型

通過(guò)改變?cè)�有句子的句型結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)增加單選題的難度，這大概是命題者用得最多的一種手段。解答這類試題，可采用“還原法”，即將改變后的句子還原為正常語(yǔ)序的句子。這種手段主要有：

1、改為一般疑問(wèn)句

例：Was it during the Second World War _____ he died?

A. that       B. while       C. in which         D. then

該題考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，若題干部分命制為“It was during the Second World War _____ he died.”，答案很容易就可選出；而使用一般疑問(wèn)句，增加了該題的難度。答案為A。

2、改為特殊疑問(wèn)句

例1：

― Who is making so much noise in the garden?

― _____ the children.

A. There are       B. They are         C. That is        D. It is

本題考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，若直接使用陳述句“_____ the children that / who are making so much noise in the garden.”，則沒(méi)有多大難度。此處使用特殊疑問(wèn)句，且為對(duì)話形式，結(jié)合了省略句（省略了that are making so much noise in the garden）的考查，答案更具隱蔽性。答案為D。

例2：

If you can’t go to the meeting yourself, who would you rather _____ instead ?

A. have go      B. to have gone      C. have to go      D. have gone

該題考查have sb. do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)，若使用陳述句則題干為：If I can’t go to the meeting myself, I would rather have Peter go (to it) instead.，這樣本題無(wú)法設(shè)空；而通過(guò)使用特殊疑問(wèn)句，巧妙地將賓語(yǔ)前移，不但解決了設(shè)空難題，也使得干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置更加容易，且具有較強(qiáng)的干擾性。答案為A。

3、改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

例1：

Due to the heavy rain and flooding, ten million people have been forced _____ their homes.

A. leaving    B. to leave     C. to be left      D. being left

該題若采用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)考查，考生就能輕易識(shí)別 force sb. to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)，而改為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)后，就增加了識(shí)別的難度，答案為B。

例2：

In our childhood, we were often _____ by Grandma to pay attention to our table manners.

A. demanded  B. reminded    C. allowed       D. hoped

該題主要考查動(dòng)詞辨析，若使用主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)“In our childhood, Grandma often _____ us to pay attention to our table manners.”，這樣，考生就可以根據(jù)這里的句型結(jié)構(gòu)(動(dòng)詞+ sb. to do sth.) 迅速將demand和hope予以排除，這兩個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)就很難起到干擾作用。而使用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)于那些不能識(shí)別上述句型的考生來(lái)說(shuō)，A和D仍然具有一定的干擾作用。答案為B。

4、改為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型

例：When I try to find _____ that prevents so many people from taking part in the programme, it seems to me that there are two main causes.

A. why it does       B. what it does        C. what it is          D. why it is

該題主要考查名詞性從句，但結(jié)合了強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，增加了難度。若不使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句，則題干為：When I try to find _____ prevents so many people from taking part in the programme, it seems to me that there are two main causes.，這樣則較難設(shè)計(jì)干擾項(xiàng)，且試題顯得過(guò)于容易。答案為C。

5、借助于從句

例1：

Students are always interested in finding out _____ they can go with a new teacher.

A. how far        B. how soon     C. how often        D. how long

該題考查易混詞組的辨析。go too far (with sb./sth.) “走得太遠(yuǎn)”，意即“做得太過(guò)分”。通過(guò)使用賓語(yǔ)從句，該結(jié)構(gòu)被拆開(kāi)了，增加了識(shí)別選項(xiàng)的難度。答案為A。

例2：

Cars do cause us some health problems ―in fact far more serious _____ than mobile phones do.   

A. one       B. ones       C. it          D. those

該題考查替代，ones替代problems，但借助于than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句以適當(dāng)增加難度，答案為B。由于有修飾語(yǔ)serious，故不能使用those。

6、使用其他非常規(guī)結(jié)構(gòu)

例1：

The lawyer seldom wears anything other than a suit _____ the season.

A. whatever        B. wherever        C. whenever        D. however

本題使用非常規(guī)結(jié)構(gòu)whatever the season，相當(dāng)于whatever season it is；若用常規(guī)結(jié)構(gòu)，題目的難度就小得多。答案為A。

例2：

― What do you think made Mary so upset?

― _____ her new bicycle.

A. As she lost      B. Lost       C. Losing          D. Because of losing

該題考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)的用法，但將其置于交際用語(yǔ)中，較好地結(jié)合了省略的考查。答語(yǔ)實(shí)質(zhì)上為“Losing her new bicycle (made Mary so upset).”。答案為C。

技巧二：分離或支解固定結(jié)構(gòu)

在考查固定結(jié)構(gòu)或搭配時(shí)，若直接考查，可能會(huì)因?yàn)槿狈﹄y度而沒(méi)有區(qū)分度。于是，命題者通過(guò)調(diào)整句型，使被考查的固定結(jié)構(gòu)處于分離狀態(tài)，從而增加了理解上的難度。此時(shí)，考生應(yīng)注意理順句子結(jié)構(gòu)，弄清題意。

例1：The greater efforts you _____, the sooner you will succeed.

A. do     B. make     C. offer      D. try

該題考查make efforts這一詞組，若直接考查則過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單，而借助于“the +比較級(jí)… the+比較級(jí)”，就可使其難度增加。答案為B。

例2：In my opinion, it is the best use that could be _____ of the money.

A. turned  B. turned out   C. spent     D. made

該題考查固定詞組make use of，因use為先行詞，故該詞組被肢解，關(guān)系代詞that替代先行詞在句中作主語(yǔ)，答案為D。

技巧三：添加枝節(jié)成分

通過(guò)在題干句子上添加一些枝節(jié)成分，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜化，也是增加試題難度的手段之一。對(duì)于此類試題，可采用“消腫法”刪除所添加的枝節(jié)成分，從而使句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單化、使題意更加明確化。

例1: _____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family.

A. It       B. This     C. What         D. As

本題通過(guò)添加she told me這一插入語(yǔ)，增加了識(shí)別和理解句型結(jié)構(gòu)的難度。若將其去掉，題干就成為：______ was most important to her was her family. 這樣試題的難度就小多了，大家不難識(shí)別此處為主語(yǔ)從句，填入的引導(dǎo)詞同時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子主語(yǔ)，故選C。

例2：

At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and _____ down to eat our picnic lunch.

A. sitting        B. having sat       C. to sit          D. sat

本題考查動(dòng)詞形式的選用，此處為and連接兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，但由于found后接的成分比較長(zhǎng)，加大了考生識(shí)別句子結(jié)構(gòu)的難度。答案為D。

例3：

I bought an English dictionary in that bookstore last month, _____ I have lent to your sister.

A. when        B. where        C. who           D. which

該題考查定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的選用，由于在定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間添加了in that bookstore和last month，使得選項(xiàng)A和B具有極強(qiáng)的干擾作用；而your sister位于句尾，根據(jù)心理學(xué)原理，句首或句尾的信息更易引起讀者的重視，從而也最具干擾性，故C也有一定干擾作用。而事實(shí)上，本句的先行詞為 an English dictionary，關(guān)系代詞which替代先行詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中作lent的賓語(yǔ)，答案為D。

例4：

Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _____ some schools for poor children.

A. set up       B. setting up       C. have set up        D. having set up

該題考查devote…to結(jié)構(gòu)，由于賓語(yǔ)all后添加了he had這一定語(yǔ)從句，易使考生誤認(rèn)為是have to結(jié)構(gòu)，從而增加了試題的難度。答案為B。