考點(diǎn)1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞（助動(dòng)詞有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化）

1).一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：is /am /are +過(guò)去分詞

English is spoken by many people.

Tea is grown in Southeast China.

Are they made in China ?

Where is it made ?

2).一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was / were +過(guò)去分詞

A lot of flowers were planted along the street last month.

Another classroom building was built last year .

Some new computers were inverted by scientists.

3).現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：is / am /are + being+過(guò)去分詞

A new bridge is being built over there .

The flowers are being watered by Mr Li now .

4).現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have / has +been+過(guò)去分詞

Man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries in the world.

The work has been finished on time.

5).一般將來(lái)時(shí)：will /shall/be going to+be+過(guò)去分詞

The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon.

The wind will be stopped from blowing the earth away.

6).含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：can /may /must +過(guò)去分詞

The work can be finished in a month.

A large hole must be dug .

Books can’t be taken out of the reading room .

考點(diǎn)2、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

1).主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)。（賓語(yǔ)是人稱代詞時(shí)，要將賓格變?yōu)橹鞲瘢?/p>

2).主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

3).主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語(yǔ)，組成介詞短語(yǔ)，放在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后，在動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者無(wú)須說(shuō)明或不必強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，by短語(yǔ)可以省略。

4).主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，時(shí)態(tài)要保持一致。

We repaired the motor.→The motor was repaired by us.

考點(diǎn)3、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法

1).當(dāng)我們不知道或沒(méi)有必要說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)時(shí).

Those books are written for children.

This jacket is made of cotton.

2).動(dòng)作的承受者是談話的中心，并用介詞by引導(dǎo)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。

Food is needed by us all .

The room is cleaned by me every day .

The book was translated into English by me .

This song was written by a friend of mine .

The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday evening .

The tree was blown down by the strong wind .

3).一些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中，因此短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)不可分割的詞組，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。

The child is taken good care of by his grandparents .

Why can’t the word be looked up in this dictionary?

The lights must be turned off .

A short play will be put on at the party .

4).帶雙賓語(yǔ)（即直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)）的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，可將其中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，另一個(gè)不變。一般把間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)顯得自然些，把直接賓語(yǔ)留作被動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)。如果把直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，則要在間接賓語(yǔ)前加介詞（一般是for或to）

He gave me a book. →I was given a book (by him )

                   →A book was given to me (by him).

5).主動(dòng)句中動(dòng)詞make , let ,have ,see ,hear , feel 等后接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式都需去掉to，即后接不帶的動(dòng)詞不定式。但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，后面的不定式須加上to .

I often hear her sing .→She is often heard to sing.

His parents made him clean his teeth after every meal.

→He was made to clean his teeth after every meal by his parents.

6).疑問(wèn)詞作主語(yǔ)的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

Who spoke English in the next room a moment ago ?

→By whom was English spoken in the next room a moment ago ?

Or: Who was English spoken by in the next room a moment ago?

7)有些動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表被動(dòng)含義。

Great changes have taken place in our country since 1979.

This kind of car sells well .

What happened yesterday ?

The shop opens at seven .

Young trees need watering well .

The window wants repairing.

8)need , require , want當(dāng)“需要”講時(shí)，后加動(dòng)名詞，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，也可用動(dòng)詞不定式表示被動(dòng)意義。

This desk needs repairing/ to be repaired .

9)有些被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)成了習(xí)慣用法。

It is said that…據(jù)說(shuō)……

It is (was) reported that…據(jù)報(bào)道……

It is well-known that…眾所周知……

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也叫動(dòng)詞的非限定形式，包括現(xiàn)在分詞、動(dòng)名詞、過(guò)去分詞和不定式，它們不能獨(dú)立充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，而是與一定的助動(dòng)詞結(jié)合構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，或在句子中擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等，在形式上不受主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的制約。

考點(diǎn)1、動(dòng)名詞：動(dòng)名詞是由動(dòng)詞+ -ing構(gòu)成的，其作用相當(dāng)于名詞，可用來(lái)作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。

Taking a walk after supper is good for your health .

Betty likes reading books very much .

考點(diǎn)2、動(dòng)詞不定式：動(dòng)詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能做謂語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，它還具有動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。它的形式是to+動(dòng)詞原形，否定式為not to+動(dòng)詞原形。

(1)作主語(yǔ)：動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)（it無(wú)詞義），而將動(dòng)詞不定式放在后面，其形式為：It+be+形容詞+（for sb.）+ 動(dòng)詞不定式

To learn a foreign language is important now.

→It is important to learn a foreign language.

It’s necessary for the students to do eye exercises twice a day.

It’s too heavy for the boy to carry the box. .

It takes him a quarter to cut the hair .

(2)作賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

①動(dòng)詞不定式一般不作介詞賓語(yǔ)，常作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，這些動(dòng)詞有want,begin ,start , like ,forget ,ask ,learn, decide , wish等

The boy wants to go to school.

He began to learn French three years ago .

②動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用得很廣泛，如：

He asked me to help him.

Tell him not to be late .

My parents tell me to study English hard .

I would like you to meet my English teacher .

③動(dòng)詞不定式在感官動(dòng)詞see,watch,hear,feel和使役動(dòng)詞let, make,have等詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，常省去不定式符號(hào)to 。另外在had better后也不帶to ，help后可帶可不帶to .

I hear him sing every night .

Let’s go to school together .

Her mother makes her do her homework every evening .

You’d better stay at home .

I often help my mother (to) do some washing .

④疑問(wèn)詞+不定式作賓語(yǔ)，如：

He didn’t know where he should go .

→He didn’t know where to go .

I don’t know what I should do .

→I don’t know what to do .

We haven’t decided when we’ll leave here .

→We haven’t decided when to leave here .

(3)作表語(yǔ)，在系動(dòng)詞之后作表語(yǔ)

Her work is to look after the babies.

(4)作定語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)，需放在被修飾的名詞之后。

   I have quite a lot of homework to do .

(5)作狀語(yǔ)，表示目的、原因、結(jié)果

   He came here to see his father .

   I’m sorry to hear that .

   Tom is too young to go to school.