For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies----and other creatures----learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) “drive” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Paousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s response in situation where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on a display of lights---- and indeed that they were able to learn quite complicated turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a primary human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
72.According to the author, babies learn to do things which ____.
A. are directly related to pleasure          B. will meet their physical needs
C. will bring them a feeling of success          D. will satisfy their curiosity
73.Papousek noticed in the studies that a baby ____.
A. would make learned response when it saw the milk
B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D. would turn its head to right or life when it had enough to drink
74.In Papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ____.
A. have the lights turned on              B. be rewarded with milk
C. please their parents                   D. be praised
75.According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving is a reflection of ____.
A. a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C. their strong desire to solve complex problem
D. an important human urge to display their learned skills

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies----and other creatures----learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) “drive” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

Paousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s response in situation where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on a display of lights---- and indeed that they were able to learn quite complicated turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

 Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

47.According to the author, babies learn to do things which ____.

   A. are directly related to pleasure                    B. will meet their physical needs

   C. will bring them a feeling of success          D. will satisfy their curiosity

48.Papousek noticed in the studies that a baby ____.

   A. would make learned response when it saw the milk

   B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink

   C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk

   D. would turn its head to right or life when it had enough to drink

49.In Papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ____. 

   A. have the lights turned on                      B. be rewarded with milk

   C. please their parents                           D. be praised

50.According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving is a reflection of ____.

   A. a basic human desire to understand and control the world

   B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs

   C. their strong desire to solve complex problem

   D. a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies----and other creatures----learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) “drive” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

Paousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s response in situation where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on a display of lights---- and indeed that they were able to learn quite complicated turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a primary human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

72.According to the author, babies learn to do things which ____.

   A. are directly related to pleasure          B. will meet their physical needs

 C. will bring them a feeling of success           D. will satisfy their curiosity

73.Papousek noticed in the studies that a baby ____.

   A. would make learned response when it saw the milk

   B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink

   C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk

   D. would turn its head to right or life when it had enough to drink

74.In Papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ____.

   A. have the lights turned on               B. be rewarded with milk

   C. please their parents                    D. be praised

75.According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving is a reflection of ____.

   A. a basic human desire to understand and control the world

   B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs

   C. their strong desire to solve complex problem

   D. an important human urge to display their learned skills

閱讀理解

　　For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies and other creatures learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”, and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages (階段), had to be directly related to such basic physiological “drives”(生理的動力) as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

　　It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome (result).

　　Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response (反應(yīng)) with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a display (顯示) of lights, and in deed that they were capable of learning (were able to learn) quite complex (復(fù)雜的) turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

　　Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would smile or bubble (格格地笑) when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily (mainly) the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental (basic) human urge (強(qiáng)烈欲望) to make sense of (understand) the world and bring it under intentional (有意識的) control.

1．According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.

[　　]

A．will satisfy their curiosity

B．will meet their physical needs

C．a(chǎn)re directly related to pleasure (are connected with pleasure)

D．wilt bring them a feeling of success

2．Papousek noticed that in his studies that a baby ________.

[　　]

A．would make learned responses when it saw the milk

B．would continue the simple movements without being given milk

C．would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink

D．would carry out learned movements when it had drunk enough milk

3．In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.

[　　]

A．be praised

B．please their parents

C．be rewarded with milk

D．have the lights turned on

4．The babies would “smile and bubble” because ________.

[　　]

A．they succeeded in “switching on” the lights

B．the sight of the lights was interesting

C．they need not turn back to watch the lights

D．the lights were directly related to some basic “drive”

5．According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of ________.

[　　]

A．the satisfaction of certain physiological needs

B．their strong desire to solve complex problems

C．a(chǎn) basic human desire to understand and control the world

D．a(chǎn) fundamental human urge to show off their learned skills