語法性的倒裝 A→各種疑問句的倒裝 例:1)Are you against the plan? 2)What do you like best? ●注意:但如果主語是由一個(gè)疑問詞表示的或修飾的.語序不變. 例:1)Who did it? (疑問詞who是主語.語序不變?nèi)詾橹髡Zwho+謂語did) 2)How many students in your school joined the army ? (分析:主語students由how many修飾.語序不變.) B→there be句型中的倒裝 在此句型中.主語總是在謂語之后.無論是在陳述句中還是疑問句中. 例:1)There were no school or hospitals there before. 2)Is there any ink in the bottle? C→直接引語中的倒裝 a. 直接引語的一部分或全部放在句首時(shí).它的主語和謂語常要倒裝. b. 但當(dāng)主語是代詞或謂語動(dòng)詞含有助動(dòng)詞時(shí).一般不倒裝. c. 另外.如果謂語比主語長.或是它后面有賓語時(shí).一般也不倒裝. 例:1)“Will you please carry it for you ? said the old man 2)“Please do me a favour , he said. 3)“He is a liar. You can’t trust him. said Tom. 4)“I am hungry .she had said. D→省略if的虛擬語氣條件句中的倒裝 If引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣.條件句中如含有助動(dòng)詞were, should和had時(shí).可以使用倒裝. 句型:were/should/had+主語+-- =if+主語+were/should/had-- 當(dāng)if省略時(shí).助動(dòng)詞were, should和had要倒裝到主語前去,而if不省略時(shí).主語和助動(dòng)詞用正常語序. 例:1)Were you a fish, the cat would eat you. =If you were a fish, the cat would eat you. 2)Should it rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home. =If it should rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home. 3)Had you my troubles, you would despair. =If you had my troubles, you would despair. E→so.nor.neither用于句首時(shí)的倒裝 當(dāng)so.nor.neither用于句首,說明前面一句話中謂語表示的情況也適用于另外一個(gè)人或物時(shí).句子要用倒裝. 含義 用法 倒裝句型 so 也 用于肯定句 So+be(have;助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)+主語 nor/ neither 也不.也沒有 用于否定句 Neither/nor+be(have.助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)+主語 例:1) A: I have had my breakfast. B: So have I. 2)A: Li Ming can speak three languages. B: So can I. 3)A: Will you go home this weekend? B: After that we never saw her again. 4)After that we never saw her again, nor did we hear from her. F→as 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中的倒裝 形容詞 名詞 +as+主語+系動(dòng)詞be,主語+動(dòng)詞 副詞/實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 +as+主語+動(dòng)詞.主語+動(dòng)詞 分別敘述如下: 句型一:形容詞+as+主語+系動(dòng)詞be 例:1)Young as he is.he knows a lot of things. =Although/though he is young, he knows a lot of things. =He is young but he knows a lot of things. 句型二:名詞+as+主語+系動(dòng)詞be 例:1)King as he is.he is unhappy. =Although/though he is a king, he is unhappy. =He is a king, but he is unhappy. 2)Scientist as she is, she wants to learn more. =Although she is a scientist, she wants to learn more. 句型三:副詞+as+主語+動(dòng)詞 1)Much as I like it, I won’t buy it. =Although/though I like it much, I won’t buy it. =I like it much, but I won’t buy it. 2)Fast as you run, you can’t catch up with him. 句型四:實(shí)義動(dòng)詞+as+主語+助動(dòng)詞 1)Try as she does, she will never find it. =She tries but she will never find it. 2)Search as they could, they could find no sign of the boy. ▲3．修辭性的倒裝 除了語法性倒裝之外.有些倒裝是由于修辭的原因而采用的.叫做修辭性倒裝. A→否定詞放在句首時(shí)的倒裝 句型:否定詞+助動(dòng)詞/be動(dòng)詞+主語 ▲常見放在句首的否定詞 By no means, in no case, in no way, on no consideration, under no circumstances, in no circumstances 表示決不 barely 簡直沒有 hardly 幾乎不 scarcely 幾乎不 never 從不 rarely 很少 little 幾乎沒有;一點(diǎn)也不 seldom 很少 only 只有 not 不.沒有 not-until- 直到-才- nowhere 沒有地方.無處 not a bit 一點(diǎn)也不 not only-but also- 不但-而且- 例:1)Barely does he have enough money to live on. =He barely has enough money to live on. 2) By no means is translation easy. =Translation is by no means easy. 3)Little did I think that I would lose the game. =I didn’t think at all that I would lose the game. (注:這里not at all=little 譯為:一點(diǎn)也不) 在上面表格所列到的否定詞中.有幾個(gè)詞是強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的緊密相接.說明如下: a. hardly-when- 一-就- 例:Hardly did he see me when he ran away. =As soon as he saw me, he ran away. b. scarcely-when- 一-就- 例:Scarcely had the baby cried when the nurse rushed to carry him. c. no sooner-than- 一-就- 例:No sooner had they reached home than it rained. =It rained as soon as they reached home. d. not only-but also- 不但-而且- 例:1)No only did I make a promise, but I also kept it. =I not only made a promise, but I kept it. 2)Not only is he a scientist, but also he is a painter. B→副詞放在句首時(shí)的倒裝 以here, then, now, thus, such, there, so, only , no longer, out, in, up, down, away等副詞為首的句子中.要倒裝以表示特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的語氣.例: 1)Then came the time we had been looking for ward to. =The time we had been looking forward to came then. 2) Summer begins in June. Then come July and August. =Summer begins in June, July and August came then. 3) Out rushed the boy. 4) Here are some ideas which will help you to over come the difficulties. 5) 比較: He was very angry. He didn’t say a word. He was very angry. Not a word did he say. 6)比較: I shall never be late for school. Never again shall I be late for school. C→only+副詞在句首時(shí)的倒裝 Only+副詞/副詞短語/狀語從句+助動(dòng)詞/be+主語 例:1)Only then did I realize I made such a big mistake. I realized I made such a big mistake only then. 2) Only in this way can you worked it out. 3) Only when one loses health does one know its value. 4) Only when he got home did he know what happened to his father. =When he got home he knew what happened to his father. D→頻度副詞在句首時(shí)的倒裝 頻度副詞always, often, once出現(xiàn)在句首時(shí).句子要倒裝. 例:1)Often did we warn them not to do so. 2) Always will we remember the importance of the meeting. =We will always remember the importance of the meeting. 第13講 虛擬語氣 The Subjunctive Mood 虛擬語氣 1) 概念 虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想.所說的是一個(gè)條件.不一定是事實(shí).或與事實(shí)相反. 2) 在條件句中的應(yīng)用 條件句可分為兩類.一類為真實(shí)條件句.一類為非真實(shí)條件句.非真實(shí)條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況.故采用虛擬語氣. 1 真實(shí)條件句 真實(shí)條件句用于陳述語氣.假設(shè)的情況可能發(fā)生.其中 if 是如果的意思. 時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系 句型: 條件從句 主句 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) shall/will + 動(dòng)詞原形 例:If he comes, he will bring his violin. 例題:The volleyball match will be put off if it . A.will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained 答案B.真實(shí)條件句主句為將來時(shí).從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí). 注意: 1)在真實(shí)條件句中.主句不能用be going to表示將來.該用shall, will. (錯(cuò)) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. (對) If you leave now, you will never regret it. 2)表示真理時(shí).主句謂語動(dòng)詞便不用shall +動(dòng)詞原形.而直接用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的動(dòng)詞形式. 2 非真實(shí)條件句 時(shí)態(tài):可以表示過去.現(xiàn)在和將來的情況.它的基本特點(diǎn)是時(shí)態(tài)退后. a. 同現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè). 句型 : 條件從句 主句 一般過去時(shí) should +動(dòng)詞原形 If they were here, they would help you. b. 表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè). 句型: 條件從句 主句 過去完成時(shí) should have+ 過去分詞 例1:If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded. 例2:The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful. 例3:If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. 例4:If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it. 含義:He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it. 例5:If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress. 含義: He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress. c. 表示對將來的假想 句型: 條件從句 主句 一般過去時(shí) should+ 動(dòng)詞原形 were+ 不定式 would + 動(dòng)詞原形 should+ 動(dòng)詞原形 例1:If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 例2:If you should succeed, everything would be all right. 例3:If you were to succeed, everything would be all right. 3 混合條件句 主句與從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在不同的時(shí)間.這時(shí)主.從句謂語動(dòng)詞的虛擬語氣形式因時(shí)間不同而不同.這叫做混合條件句. If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. (從句與過去事實(shí)相反.主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反.) If it had rained last night , it would be very cold today . 4 虛擬條件句的倒裝 虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可將if省略.再把were, should或had 移到從句句首.實(shí)行倒裝. Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us. Had you come earlier, you would have met him =If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved. =If it should rain,the crops would be saved. =If it were to rain,the crops would be saved. 注意: 在虛擬語氣的從句中.動(dòng)詞'be'的過去時(shí)態(tài)一律用"were".不用was. 即在從句中be用were代替. If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你.就會(huì)去找他. If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在這兒.一切都會(huì)好的. 典型例題 to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I 答案C. 在虛擬條件狀語中如果有were, should, had這三個(gè)詞 主語提前, 變成 were, should, had +主語的形式.但要注意.在虛擬條件狀語從句中.省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式.如我們可說 Were I not to do., 而不能說 Weren't I to do. 5 特殊的虛擬語氣詞:should 1)It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that-結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用should 加動(dòng)詞原形.should 可省略. 句型: (1)suggested It is (2)important that- + a pity (1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required,demanded, requested, insisted, + do (2)important, necessary, natural, strange a pity,a shame,no wonder. 例1:It is suggested that we hold a meeting next week. 例2:It is necessary that he come to our meeting tomorrow. 2)在賓語從句中的應(yīng)用 在表示命令.建議.要求等一類動(dòng)詞后面的從句中. order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + do I suggest that we hold a meeting next week. He insisted that he be sent there. 注意: 如suggest, insist不表示"建議" 或"堅(jiān)持要某人做某事時(shí)".即它們用于其本意"暗示.表明"."堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為"時(shí).賓語從句用陳述語氣. The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules. 判斷改錯(cuò): 誤:Your pale face suggests that you be ill. 正:Your pale face suggests that you are ill. 誤:I insisted that you be wrong. 正:I insisted that you were wrong. 3)在表語從句.同位語從句中的應(yīng)用 在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名詞后面的表語從句.同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣.即+動(dòng)詞原形. My idea is that we get more people to attend the conference. I make a proposal that we hold a meeting next week. 6 wish的用法 1)用于wish后面的從句.表示與事實(shí)相反的情況.或表示將來不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望.其賓語從句的動(dòng)詞形式為: 真實(shí)狀況 wish后 從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作 現(xiàn)在時(shí) 過去時(shí) (be的過去式為 were) 從句動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生 過去時(shí) 過去完成時(shí) (had + 過去分詞) 將來不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望 將來時(shí) would/could + 動(dòng)詞原形 I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一樣高. He wished he hadn`t said that. 他希望他沒講那樣的話. I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了. 2)wish to do表達(dá)法. wish sb / sth to do I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. I wish the manager to be informed at once. = I want the manager to be informed at once. 7 比較if only與only if重點(diǎn) only if表示"只有",if only則表示"如果--就好了".If only也可用于陳述語氣. I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有鬧鐘響了.我才會(huì)醒. If only the alarm clock had rung. 當(dāng)時(shí)鬧鐘響了.就好了. If only he comes early. 但愿他早點(diǎn)回來. 【查看更多】

 

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語法填空

閱讀下面短文，按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語法性和上下文連貫的要求，在空格處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或使用括號中詞語的正確形式填空。

　　During an 1899 F4 tornado (龍卷風(fēng)) in Missouri, three people, Miss Moorehouse, Mrs．Webster, and her son were caught up in the storm．They 　　1　　 (carry) nearly one mile, but were let down so gently 　　2　　 none of the three was seriously injured．Here is Moorehouse's 　　3　　 (describe)of her unbelievable flight．

　　‘‘I was conscious all the time when I was flying through the air, and 　　4　　 seemed a long time．I seemed to be lifted up, 　　5　　 (go) up to a great height．At one time I was far above the church towers, and seemed to be carried to a 　　6　　 (distance) place．As I was going through the air, I saw a horse, 　　7　　 was a white one and had a harness (馬具) on, floating about with me．By the way 　　8　　 horse kicked and struggled as it was thrown about, I knew it was alive．I was afraid that it would knock into me, 　　9　　 it did not．Finally, I was mercifully landed 　　10　　 the ground unharmed, saved by luck．”

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閱讀下面短文，按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語法性和上下文連貫的要求，在空格處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或使用括號中詞語的正確形式填空。

　　During an 1899 F4 tornado(龍卷風(fēng))in Missouri, three people, Miss Moorehouse, Mrs．Webster, and her son were caught up in the storm．They 　　1　　(carry)nearly one mile, but were let down so gently 　　2　　 none of the three was seriously injured．Here is Moorehouse's 　　3　　(describe)of her unbelievable flight．

　　“I was conscious all the time when I was flying through the air, and 　　4　　 seemed a long time．I seemed to be lifted up, 　　5　　(go)up to a great height．At one time I was far above the church towers, and seemed to be carried to a 　　6　　(distance)place．As I was going through the air, I saw a horse, 　　7　　 was a white one and had a harness(馬具)on, floating about with me．By the way 　　8　　 horse kicked and struggled as it was thrown about, I knew it was alive．I was afraid that it would knock into me, 　　9　　 it did not．Finally, I was mercifully landed 　　10　　 the ground unharmed, saved by luck．”

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　　Many people believe that sugar is bad for their health; 　　1　　 say that sugar is the best source of energy．We also hear similar conflicting arguments about meat between vegetarians and meat-eaters．Who is right and what is your opinion? Are you easily influenced by one 　　2　　 of advice today and then by another one tomorrow?

　　Obviously, you might think that 　　3　　(go)to extremes is not the right way, for the importance of having a variety of food in one’s diet is quite clear today．Scientists have again and 　　4　　 warned us that 　　5　　 lack of certain kinds of food is dangerous, 　　6　　 for children, because 　　7　　 a balanced diet, their body can’t grow properly．Scientists have also told us, “Having too much of anything, including one’s favorite food, is equally dangerous．”

　　They say, for example, children 　　8　　 eat lots of cheeseburgers and milk shakes will increase the risk of heart attack．

　　Therefore, it seems that perhaps the most intelligent thing for us to do is not to eat first but to read first．　　9　　(science)information about the body’s needs for fats and proteins, for minerals and vitamins, can help us decide on the right choice and the right amount．And it can also help us tell facts 　　10　　 misleading opinions．

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　　As a child, I was always out exploring my local area, whether swimming at the beaches or hiking through the bush．Australia's outdoor lifestyle had me hooked on adventure and nature．I always wanted to explore 　　1　　 else was out there．Going on family holidays to many of the East Coast beach towns was always 　　2　　 fun adventure into the 　　3　　(know)．I came to love the beauty of world, and began to recognize just 　　4　　 much the planet had to offer, even 　　5　　 my experience of it was only in my backyard．

　　Also, Australia is very remote and detached from the rest of the world．　　6　　(Europe)often drive into other countries for 　　7　　 summer vacations．We never had that luxury and international travel seemed all the more exotic and 　　8　　(adventure)to me．Very often, we 　　9　　(expose)to other countries through TV and movies, 　　10　　 I wanted to experience it for myself．

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When someone has deeply hurt you, it can be extremely difficult to let go of your anger. But forgiveness is possible—and it can be surprisingly beneficial __16________ your physical and mental health. So far, research __17_______ (show) that people who forgive report more energy, better appetite and better sleep patterns. "People who forgive show __18________ (little) anger and more hopefulness," says Dr. Frederic Luskin, who wrote the book Forgive for Good. "So it can help reduce the tiredness out of the immune system and allow people to feel more energetic."

　　__19________ when someone has hurt you, calm yourself first. Take a couple of breaths and think of something __20________ gives you pleasure: a beautiful scene in nature, or someone you love. Don’t wait for an __21________ (apologize). "Many times the person who hurt you may never think of apologizing," says Dr. Luskin. "They may have wanted to hurt you or they just don't see things __22________ same way. So if you wait for people to apologize, you could be waiting a very long time." Keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean __23________ (accept) the action of the person who upset you. Instead, learn to look for the love, beauty and kindness around you. Finally, try to see things __24________ the other person’s perspective. You may realize that he or she was acting out of ignorance. To gain perspective, you may want to write a letter to __25________ from that person’s point of view.

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