The American baby boom after the war made unconvincing U.S. advice to poor countries that they limit their births. However, there has hardly been a year since 1957 in which birth rates did not fall in the United States and other rich countries, and in 1976 the fall was especially sharp. Both East Germany and West Germany have fewer births than they have deaths, and the United States is only temporarily able to avoid this condition because the children of the baby boom are now an exceptionally large group of married couples.

It is true that Americans do not typically plan their births to set an example for developing nations. We are more affected by women's liberation: once women see interesting and well-paid jobs as careers available, they are less willing to provide free labor for child raising. From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive. And to the high cost of children are added the uncertainties, introduced by divorce; couples are increasing to subject children to the terrible experience of marriage breakdown and themselves to the difficulty of raising a child alone.

These circumstances－women working outside the home and the instability of marriage, trend to spread with industrial society and they will affect more and more countries during the remainder of this century. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th century.

Food shortage will happen again when the reserves resulting from the good harvests of 1976 and 1977 have been consumed. Urbanization is likely to continue, with the cities of the developing nations struggling under the weight of twice their present populations by the year 2000. The presently rich countries are approaching a stable population largely because of the changed place of women, and they incidentally are setting an example of restraint to the rest of the world. Industrial society will spread to the poor countries, and ambition will exceed resources. All this will lead to a population in the 21st century that is smaller than that was feared   a few years ago. For those anxious to see world population brought under control, the news is encouraging.

49. During the years from 1957 to 1976, the birth rate of the United States _____.

A. increased                                  B. was reduced     

C. experiences both falls and rises      D. high divorce rate
50. What influences the birth rate most in the United States is _____.

A. highly paid jobs                     B. women's working for independence
C. expenses of child raising          D. high divorce rate

51. The sentence "From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive" implies that _____.

A. food and clothing for babies are becoming incredibly expensive

B. prices are going up dramatically all the time

C. to raise children, women have to give up interesting and well-paid jobs

D. social development has made child-raising inexpensive
52. A chief factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th century is_____.

A. birth control                   B. women’s strong desire for working

C. the instability of marriage     D. the changed place of women
53. The population in 21st century, according to the writer _____.

A. will be smaller than a few year ago       B. will not be as small as people expect

C. will prove to be threat to the world   D. will not continue as serious a problem as expected