3、Louis Pasteur, the famous French chemist and bacteriologist (細(xì)菌學(xué)家), invented “pasteurization”. In 1854 Pasteur was made head of the department of science at the University of Lille, and it was there that he made one of his most famous discoveries. Lille was a major centre for wine and beer-making, and some of the local wine-makers asked Pasteur if he could help solve the problem of keeping wine fresh. At that time, it was believed that food and drinks go “bad” due to (because of) a purely chemical process. But during a series of experiments Pasteur proved that tiny living organisms (微生物) caused food and drinks to go bad. In the case of wine and beer the organisms are already present in the form of the various yeasts (酵母) that caused the fermentation (發(fā)酵) process. Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer. He also proved that food and drinks could be turned bad by other organisms that were present in the air, and that they also would keep fresh much longer if they were kept in airtight containers.

The heating process was so successful that it made Pasteur famous. It was named “pasteurization” in his honor, and by about 1900 it had been widely used for processing and bottling cows’ milk. The result was a huge drop in the number of bottle-fed babies dying from infant diarrhea (嬰兒腹瀉) and from that time on it has been a standard treatment for milk and many other food products. This simple process has saved thousands, possibly millions of lives worldwide.

1．Pasteur became __________ in 1854.

A. the chairperson of the science department at the University of Lille

B. the director of a chemical laboratory at the University of Lille

C. the general manager of a large beer-making company

D. the president of the University of Lille

2．According to the passage, Lille was a major centre for__________ in the mid-19th century.

A. growing grain crops                                     B. making beer and wine

C. doing chemical research                                D. producing various kinds of yeasts

3．In the last sentence of Paragraph 1, the underlined word “they” refers to  __________.

A. wine and beer                                              B. food and drinks

C. the various yeasts                                         D. other organisms

4．We can infer (推斷) from the passage that Pasteur’s discovery __________.

A. is no longer widely used for treating milk and other food products

B. did not bring much profit (利潤，收益) to the wine makers in Lille

C. has done a lot of good to childcare in the world

D. has greatly reduced the number of wars in the world