【題目】現(xiàn)代文閱讀（本題滿分15分）

烽火臺(tái)的訴說(shuō)

①人類為了生存下去，就需要共同抵御洪水、野獸等災(zāi)害和天敵，這時(shí)就少不了彼此溝通和協(xié)作。在遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)期，由于沒有文字，人們之間的信息交流主要是靠聲音和肢體語(yǔ)言；在我國(guó)的殷商時(shí)期，出現(xiàn)了“擊鼓傳聲”的通信方式；后來(lái)人們開始興建烽火臺(tái)，出現(xiàn)了用火光和煙霧傳遞信息的辦法。

②今天，人們?cè)谟斡[雄偉壯觀的萬(wàn)里長(zhǎng)城時(shí)，依然可以看到修建在制高點(diǎn)上、形似碉堡的方形建筑，那就是烽火臺(tái)。不過，烽火臺(tái)的歷史要比長(zhǎng)城還要久遠(yuǎn)。

③一般來(lái)說(shuō)，我國(guó)歷史上的烽火臺(tái)是在西周時(shí)期出現(xiàn)的。據(jù)史料記載，在周朝時(shí)，中央與各諸侯國(guó)都在邊疆或通往邊疆的道路上每隔一定距離就修筑一座烽火臺(tái)。烽火臺(tái)上堆滿了柴草，哨兵一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)有外族入侵，便點(diǎn)燃柴草以烽火報(bào)警。各路諸侯見到后，就會(huì)派兵前來(lái)接應(yīng)，同御外敵。

④說(shuō)到這里，很多人都會(huì)想起《東周列國(guó)志》中一個(gè)很有名的故事——烽火戲諸侯。故事片說(shuō)的是荒淫無(wú)度的周幽王自從得到美人褒姒之后，便整天想盡辦法來(lái)博得褒姒開心一笑，可美人一直無(wú)動(dòng)于 （zhōng）。有個(gè)近臣獻(xiàn)計(jì)說(shuō)，當(dāng)年先王為了防備西戎入侵，在驪山之巔建有20余處烽火臺(tái)，每當(dāng)有賊寇侵犯時(shí)，烽火臺(tái)便點(diǎn)火示警，火光、煙霧直沖霄漢，甚為壯觀。附近諸侯見此情景，無(wú)不發(fā)兵相救。這些年為，天下太平，已多年不見烽火點(diǎn)燃，如果君王偕王后同游驪山，夜舉烽火，這時(shí)諸侯援兵必至，至而無(wú)寇，王后必笑無(wú)疑。昏庸的幽王居然聽從了這位近臣的餿主意，其下場(chǎng)我們也都知道了，周幽王命喪西戎刀下，褒姒也在劫難逃。西周從此走向了滅亡之路。

⑤西周的滅亡并不意味著以烽火通報(bào)軍情的歷史就經(jīng)終結(jié)。相反，到了漢代，烽火臺(tái)的建設(shè)規(guī)模更大了，使用規(guī)則也進(jìn)一步完備了。用土木筑成的被稱為“烽燧”的烽火臺(tái)，在邊陲重鎮(zhèn)和交通要道上隨處可見。今天，在新疆庫(kù)車縣境內(nèi)，還留存著一座漢代烽燧，其雄偉的氣勢(shì)可使我們約略窺見當(dāng)時(shí)烽火通信的盛狀。那時(shí)，烽火臺(tái)的使用也有了較為完備的規(guī)則。白天發(fā)現(xiàn)有外敵入侵時(shí)，哨兵就在烽燧上燃起柴草或狼糞，其煙直上不散，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地就能被人看見，人們稱之為“狼煙”或“烽煙”；夜間則點(diǎn)燃柴草，以火光報(bào)警。點(diǎn)燃的烽火還可以悄悄告訴你一些簡(jiǎn)單的信息：放一道烽火，表示入侵者在500人以下；放兩道烽火，則表示入侵者在500人以上。

⑥在古代，烽火總是與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)聯(lián)系在一起，烽火出現(xiàn)，便意味著戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)來(lái)臨。南朝吳均有詩(shī)句“羽檄起邊庭，烽火亂如螢”，大意是說(shuō)軍情文書從邊疆傳來(lái)，報(bào)警的烽火像螢火蟲一樣亂飛；唐代大詩(shī)人杜甫的《春望》中也有“烽火連三月，家書抵萬(wàn)金”的名句。這些都是當(dāng)時(shí)緊張氣氛的生動(dòng)寫照。

⑦之所以在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中使用烽火，是因?yàn)樗鼈鬟f信息的速度很快。漢武帝時(shí)，大將衛(wèi)青和霍去病率大軍出征匈奴時(shí)，就以烽火作為進(jìn)軍信號(hào)。據(jù)《漢書》記載，僅一天時(shí)間，烽火信號(hào)便可以從當(dāng)時(shí)的河西（今甘肅�。﹤鞯竭|東，途經(jīng)千余里。

⑧用烽火報(bào)警的通信方式一直延續(xù)了多個(gè)朝代，直至清朝末年。隨著電報(bào)、電話等現(xiàn)代通信方式的出現(xiàn)，古老的烽火通信終于銷聲匿跡，退出了歷史舞臺(tái)。（取材于陳芳烈的作品）
【1】根據(jù)拼音，在田字格中正確、規(guī)范、美觀地填寫漢字，并解釋這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)。（2分）

無(wú)動(dòng)于zhōng

釋義：
【2】結(jié)合全文，簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)說(shuō)我國(guó)“烽火通信”方式從出現(xiàn)到消亡的過程。（3分）
【3】第⑤段和第⑦段中兩個(gè)加點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)分別體現(xiàn)出說(shuō)明文語(yǔ)言的什么特點(diǎn)？請(qǐng)加以分析。（4分）

⑴悄悄告訴：

⑵據(jù)《漢書》記載：
【4】第⑥段和第⑦段的順序能否調(diào)換？為什么？請(qǐng)結(jié)合其內(nèi)容加以分析。（3分）
【5】作者在說(shuō)明過程中或講述故事，或引用詩(shī)句，請(qǐng)任選一個(gè)方面，請(qǐng)舉例分析其作用。（3分）

【答案】
【1】衷（1分） 心里一點(diǎn)不受感動(dòng)（一點(diǎn)也不動(dòng)心）（說(shuō)出大意即可，1分）
【2】答案示例：（大約）西周時(shí)期，烽火臺(tái)出現(xiàn)；漢代，烽火臺(tái)建設(shè)規(guī)模更大，使用規(guī)則進(jìn)一步完善；清朝末年，延續(xù)使用多個(gè)朝代的烽火通信方式消失。
【3】答案示例：⑴“悄悄告訴”運(yùn)用擬人的修辭手法，將“烽火臺(tái)”擬人化，（1分）體現(xiàn)出說(shuō)明文語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)形象的特點(diǎn)（1分）。⑵“據(jù)《漢書》記載”說(shuō)明烽火一天傳遞千余里的說(shuō)法是有據(jù)可查的（1分），體現(xiàn)出說(shuō)明文語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)奶攸c(diǎn)（1分）。
【4】答案示例：不能。因?yàn)榈?/span>⑥段說(shuō)明烽火與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)緊密相連這一現(xiàn)象（1分），第⑦段解釋其原因（1分），兩段之間體現(xiàn)了從現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)的邏輯關(guān)系，符合人們的認(rèn)知規(guī)律（1分），所以不能調(diào)換。
【5】答案示例1：文中講述烽火戲諸侯的歷史故事（1分），（運(yùn)用舉例子的說(shuō)明方法，）具體說(shuō)明烽火臺(tái)在古代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的報(bào)警作用（1分）。這親寫使文章內(nèi)容更加生動(dòng)，增加文章的可讀性，提高讀者的閱讀興趣（1分）。答案示例2：文中引用吳均的詩(shī)句“羽檄起邊庭，烽火亂如螢”（杜甫的詩(shī)句“烽火連三月，家書抵萬(wàn)金”）（1分），（運(yùn)用引用的說(shuō)明方法，）具體真實(shí)地說(shuō)明在古代烽火是與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)密切相連的（1分）。這樣寫增加了文章的文學(xué)色彩（可讀性），提高讀者的閱讀興趣（1分）。

【解析】
【1】

試題分析：首先要讀準(zhǔn)拼音，注意易錯(cuò)的聲韻母，如平舌音和翹舌音的區(qū)別，前后鼻韻母的區(qū)別。寫漢字時(shí)注意不要寫錯(cuò)別字，區(qū)別同音字形似字的偏旁部首的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)。筆劃要清楚，寫成方塊字，不要潦草，偏旁部首比例要合適，在格中的位置要正確。根據(jù)所學(xué)積累判斷詞義即可。

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