【題目】讀下列圖文資料回答問題。

黑土是大量枯枝落葉或草本植物難以腐化、分解，歷經(jīng)長時間演化形成的肥沃土壤。下圖示意某優(yōu)質(zhì)黑士區(qū)。20世紀30年代以來，該區(qū)域農(nóng)作物種植面積不斷擴大，黑土侵蝕嚴重。60年代起，該區(qū)域采取了滴灌等一系列措施，黑土侵蝕明顯減少。

（1）說明該地區(qū)氣候條件對黑土形成的影響。

（2）分析20世紀30年代以來該地區(qū)黑土侵蝕嚴重的原因。

（3）說明滴灌對減輕該地區(qū)黑土侵蝕的作用。

（4）簡述該地區(qū)土壤侵蝕減輕所產(chǎn)生的生態(tài)效益。

【答案】

（1）夏季雨熱同期，利于植被生長，冬季較長，寒冷干燥，枯枝落葉多；微生物活動弱，枯枝落葉分解緩慢。

（2）種植面積擴大，導(dǎo)致森林、草地破壞，加劇黑土退化；黑土區(qū)深居內(nèi)陸，冬春降水較少干旱，多大風(fēng)天氣，風(fēng)力侵蝕作用顯著；夏季降水集中多暴雨流水侵蝕作用較強。

（3）保持黑土水分，防止旱季因土壤過度干燥，減輕風(fēng)力對土壤的侵蝕；防過度灌溉造成水土流失

（4）減少大氣中的揚塵；改善水質(zhì), 保護土壤肥力；保護生物的棲息地，有利于維護生物多樣性

【解析】

試題分析：

（1）該地夏季雨熱同期，冬季較長，寒冷干燥，枯枝落葉多，有利于黑土的形成。

（2）該地區(qū)黑土侵蝕嚴重的原因，可以從草地破壞、風(fēng)力侵蝕等方面回答。

（3）滴灌有利于保持黑土水分、減輕風(fēng)力對土壤的侵蝕。

（4）土壤侵蝕減輕所產(chǎn)生的生態(tài)效益，可以從改善水質(zhì)、保護土壤肥力、保護生物多樣性等方面回答。

【知識點】區(qū)域存在的環(huán)境與發(fā)展問題及其產(chǎn)生的危害，以及有關(guān)的治理保護措施

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