12.從集合A={1,2,3,…,2n+1}中,任取m(m≤2n+1,m,n∈N*)個(gè)元素構(gòu)成集合Am,若Am的所有元素之和為偶數(shù),則稱(chēng)Am為A的偶子集,其個(gè)數(shù)記為f(m);若Am的所有元素之和為偶數(shù),則稱(chēng)Am為A的奇子集,其個(gè)數(shù)記為g(m),令F(m)=f(m)-g(m)
(1)當(dāng)n=3時(shí),求F(1),F(xiàn)(2),F(xiàn)(3)的值;
(2)求F(m).

分析 (1)當(dāng)n=3時(shí),集合A={1,2,3,4,5,6,7},當(dāng)m=1時(shí),求出f(1)=3,g(1)=4,從而求出F(1);當(dāng)m=2時(shí),求出f(2)=9,g(2)=12,從而求出F(2);當(dāng)m=3時(shí),求出f(3)=19,g(3)=16,從而求出F(3).
(2)A中共有n個(gè)偶數(shù),n+1個(gè)奇數(shù),偶子集的個(gè)數(shù)f(m)=${C}_{n}^{m}{C}_{n+1}^{0}+{C}_{n}^{n-2}{C}_{n+1}^{2}$+${C}_{n}^{m-4}{C}_{n+1}^{4}$+…+${{C}_{n}^{1}C}_{n+1}^{m-1}$,奇子集的個(gè)數(shù)g(m)=${C}_{n}^{m-1}{C}_{n+1}^{1}+{C}_{n}^{n-3}{C}_{n+1}^{3}$+${C}_{n}^{m-5}{C}_{n+1}^{5}$+…+${C}_{n}^{0}{C}_{n+1}^{m}$,從而F(m)=${C}_{n}^{m}{C}_{n+1}^{0}-{C}_{n}^{m-1}{C}_{n+1}^{1}+{C}_{n}^{m-2}{C}_{n+1}^{2}$-${C}_{n}^{m-3}{C}_{n+1}^{3}$+…+${C}_{n}^{1}{C}_{n+1}^{m-1}-{C}_{n}^{0}{C}_{n+1}^{m}$,再求出(1+x)n(1-x)n+1中xn的系數(shù)和(1+x)n(1-x)n+1=(1-x)(1+x)n(1-x)n=(1-x)(1-x2n的展開(kāi)式,由此能求出F(m).

解答 解:(1)當(dāng)n=3時(shí),集合A={1,2,3,4,5,6,7},
當(dāng)m=1時(shí),偶子集有{2},{4},{6},奇子集有{1},{3},{5},{7},
f(1)=3,g(1)=4,∴F(1)=-1.
當(dāng)m=2時(shí),偶子集有${C}_{3}^{2}+{C}_{4}^{2}$(2個(gè)數(shù)全是偶數(shù)或全是奇數(shù)),f(2)=9,
奇子集有${C}_{3}^{1}{C}_{4}^{1}$(1偶1奇),g(2)=12,∴F(2)=-3.
當(dāng)m=3時(shí),偶子集有${C}_{3}^{3}+{C}_{3}^{1}{C}_{4}^{2}$(3個(gè)數(shù)全是偶數(shù)或1偶2奇),f(3)=19,
奇子集有${C}_{3}^{2}{C}_{4}^{1}$+${C}_{4}^{3}$(2偶1奇或3奇),g(3)=16,∴F(3)=3.
(2)A中共有n個(gè)偶數(shù),n+1個(gè)奇數(shù),此時(shí):
偶子集的個(gè)數(shù)f(m)=${C}_{n}^{m}{C}_{n+1}^{0}+{C}_{n}^{n-2}{C}_{n+1}^{2}$+${C}_{n}^{m-4}{C}_{n+1}^{4}$+…+${{C}_{n}^{1}C}_{n+1}^{m-1}$,
奇子集的個(gè)數(shù)g(m)=${C}_{n}^{m-1}{C}_{n+1}^{1}+{C}_{n}^{n-3}{C}_{n+1}^{3}$+${C}_{n}^{m-5}{C}_{n+1}^{5}$+…+${C}_{n}^{0}{C}_{n+1}^{m}$,
∴F(m)=${C}_{n}^{m}{C}_{n+1}^{0}+{C}_{n}^{m-2}{C}_{n+1}^{2}$+${C}_{n}^{m-4}{C}_{n+1}^{4}$+…+${C}_{n}^{4}{C}_{n+1}^{m-1}$-(${C}_{n}^{m-1}{C}_{n+1}^{1}+{C}_{n}^{m-3}{C}_{n+1}^{3}$+…+${C}_{n}^{0}{C}_{n+1}^{m}$)
=${C}_{n}^{m}{C}_{n+1}^{0}-{C}_{n}^{m-1}{C}_{n+1}^{1}+{C}_{n}^{m-2}{C}_{n+1}^{2}$-${C}_{n}^{m-3}{C}_{n+1}^{3}$+…+${C}_{n}^{1}{C}_{n+1}^{m-1}-{C}_{n}^{0}{C}_{n+1}^{m}$,
一方面,(1+x)n(1-x)n+1=(${C}_{n}^{0}+{C}_{n}^{1}x+…+{C}_{n}^{n}{x}^{n}$)(${C}_{n+1}^{0}-{C}_{n+1}^{1}x+…+(-1)^{n+1}{C}_{n+1}^{n+1}{x}^{n+1}$),
∴(1+x)n(1-x)n+1中xn的系數(shù)為:
${C}_{n}^{m}{C}_{n+1}^{0}-{C}_{n}^{m-1}{C}_{n+1}^{1}$+${{C}_{n}^{m-2}C}_{n+1}^{2}$-${C}_{n}^{m-3}{C}_{n+1}^{3}+…+{C}_{n}^{1}{C}_{n+1}^{m-1}-{C}_{n}^{0}{C}_{n+1}^{m}$,
另一方面,(1+x)n(1-x)n+1=(1-x)(1+x)n(1-x)n=(1-x)(1-x2n的展開(kāi)式中,
當(dāng)m為奇數(shù)時(shí),為得到xm,則應(yīng)由(1-x)提供因數(shù)-x,(1-x2n提供xm-1
∴xm的系數(shù)為(-1)(-1)${\;}^{\frac{m-1}{2}}$C${\;}_{n}^{\frac{m-1}{2}}$=(-1)${\;}^{\frac{m+1}{2}}$${C}_{n}^{\frac{m-1}{2}}$,
故F(m)=(-1)${\;}^{\frac{m+1}{2}}$${C}_{n}^{\frac{m-1}{2}}$.
當(dāng)m為偶數(shù)時(shí),為得到xm,則應(yīng)由(1-x)提供因數(shù)1,(1-x2n提供xm,
∴xm的系數(shù)為$(-1)^{\frac{m}{2}}{C}_{n}^{\frac{m}{2}}$,∴F(m)=$(-1)^{\frac{m}{2}}{C}_{n}^{\frac{m}{2}}$.
綜上,F(xiàn)(m)=$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{(-1)^{\frac{m+1}{2}{C}_{n}^{\frac{m-1}{2}},n為奇數(shù)}}\\{(-1)^{\frac{m}{2}{C}_{n}^{\frac{m}{2}},n為偶數(shù)}}\end{array}\right.$.

點(diǎn)評(píng) 本題考查函數(shù)值的求法,考查集合、二項(xiàng)式定理等基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),考查推理論證能力、運(yùn)算求解能力,考查化歸與轉(zhuǎn)化思想、分類(lèi)與整合思想,是難題.

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