Three years ago I listened to a lecture on cognition that changed the way I think about intelligence. There are two types of cognition, and the first is normal cognition the ability to regain knowledge from memory. The second type of cognition is metacognition(元認(rèn)知) the ability to know whether or not you know.
Does this affect intelligence? In traditional education, intelligence is measured by cognitive ability. Some people can easily produce everything they know on a test. But others are awarded with poor grades and considered inferior (not as good as). But does this inability make them any less intelligent? If the question came up on a task, they could refer to a book or a quick Google search. In reality they’re just as effective as the people that ace a test. They just can’t prove it as easily.
Metacognition is more important to success than cognition. A person with poor cognitive ability, but great metacognitive ability might do poorly in school, but when faced with a challenge, they understand their abilities and take the best course of action. For example, when faced with a question, a person with strong metacognitive ability will deal with it like this. If he knows the answer, but can’t come up with it, he can always do a bit of research. If he knows for sure that he doesn’t know, then he can start educating himself. Because he’s aware of his ignorance, he doesn’t act with foolish confidence. These people might not seem intelligent at first glance, but because they know what they know, they make better decisions and learn the most important things.
However, people with great cognitive ability but poor metacognitive ability may be considered excellent at a young age for acing every test and getting great SAT scores. Unfortunately, they’ve been ruined by poor metacognition they think they know everything but they really don’t. They are arrogant (overconfident), fail to learn from mistakes, and don’t understand the slight differences of personal relationships, showing disregard for persons with lower cognitive ability. They may make the worst decisions.
The most important mental power is the ability to know what you don’t know .The recognition of a fault is the first step to improvement. Don’t try to hide a lack of knowledge. For intelligent people this is the toughest lesson to learn.
【小題1】People with great cognitive ability tend to ______________.       

A．do well in tests
B．be considered inferior
C．be more effective than others
D．do research when faced with a task
【小題2】The underlined phrase “take the best course of action,” probably means______.
A．starting educating himself
B．taking action during the course
C．making the right decision
D．coming up with many ideas
【小題3】People with poor metacognition may not succeed because they ________.
A．lack basic moral values
B．have improper self evaluation
C．fail to communicate with others
D．show little respect for others
【小題4】The author probably supports the idea that ___________.
A．intelligence is measured by cognitive ability
B．cognition is the most important mental power
C．the toughest lesson is to distinguish the two types of cognition
D．the awareness of one’s ignorance contributes to one’s improvement


【小題1】A
【小題2】C
【小題3】B
【小題4】D

解析試題分析：文章介紹兩種認(rèn)知，一種是可以讓人們考試好的認(rèn)知，一種是讓人們認(rèn)識(shí)到自己弱點(diǎn)的元認(rèn)知，作者認(rèn)為元認(rèn)知更加重要。
【小題1】細(xì)節(jié)題：從第二段的句子：In traditional education, intelligence is measured by cognitive ability. Some people can easily produce everything they know on a test. 可知認(rèn)知能力強(qiáng)的人考試考得好，選A
【小題2】句意理解題：從這段的最后一句話：they make better decisions and learn the most important things.可知元認(rèn)知能力強(qiáng)的人，意識(shí)到自己的弱點(diǎn)會(huì)做出正確的決定，選C
【小題3】細(xì)節(jié)題：從第四段的句子：Unfortunately, they’ve been ruined by poor metacognition they think they know everything but they really don’t.可知元認(rèn)知不好的人會(huì)因?yàn)閷ψ约簺]有正確判斷而失敗，選B
【小題4】推理題：從最后一段的句子：The most important mental power is the ability to know what you don’t know .The recognition of a fault is the first step to improvement.可知作者認(rèn)為意識(shí)到自己的無知會(huì)有助于提高，選D
考點(diǎn)：考查科普類短文

練習(xí)冊系列答案
相關(guān)習(xí)題

科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

NOT all memories are sweet. Some people spend all their lives trying to forget bad experiences. Violence and traffic accidents can leave people with terrible physical and emotional scars. Often they relive these experiences in nightmares.
Now American researchers think they are close to developing a pill, which will help people forget bad memories. The pill is designed to be taken immediately after a frightening experience. They hope it might reduce ,or possibly erase(抹去) the effect of painful memories.
In November, experts tested a drug on people in the US and France. The drug stops the body releasing chemicals that fix memories in the brain. So far the research has suggested that only the emotional effects of memories may be reduced, not that the memories are erased.
The research has caused a great deal of argument. Some think it is a bad idea, while others support it.
Supporters say it could lead to pills that prevent or treat soldiers' troubling memories after war. They say that there are many people who suffer from terrible memories.
"Some memories can ruin people's lives. They come back to you when you don't want to have them in a daydream or nightmare. They usually come with very painful emotions," said Roger Pitman, a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. "This could relieve a lot of that suffering."
But those who are against the research say that changing memories is very dangerous because memories give us our identity (特質(zhì)). They also help us all avoid the mistakes of the past.
"All of us can think of bad events in our lives that were horrible at the time but make us who we are. I'm not sure we want to wipe those memories out, "said Rebecca Dresser, a medical ethicist.
【小題1】The passage is mainly about ________.

A．a(chǎn) new medical research
B．a(chǎn) new invention of the pill
C．a(chǎn)n argument about the research on the pill
D．a(chǎn) way of erasing painful memories
【小題2】The drug tested on people can ________.
A．prevent body producing certain chemicals
B．cause the brain itself to recover memories
C．help people remember the memories
D．wipe out the emotional effects of memories
【小題3】We can infer from the passage that ________.
A．the pill will prevent people's bad experiences
B．people argue about the effects of the pills
C．taking the pill will do harm to people's health
D．the pill has probably been produced in America
【小題4】Which of the following does Rebecca Dresser agree with?
A．Some memories can help avoid the mistakes made in the past.
B．Changing memories is very dangerous.
C．Experiencing bad events makes us different from others.
D．The pill will reduce people's sufferings from bad memories.

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

People who multitask all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once, a new research suggests. The findings, based on performances and self-evaluation by about 275 college students, indicate that many people multitask not out of a desire to increase productivity, but because they are easily distracted and can’t focus on one activity. And “those people turn out to be the worst at handling different things,” said David Sanbonmatsu, a psychologist at the University of Utah.
Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues gave the students a set of tests and asked them to report how often they multitasked, how good they thought they were at it, and how sensation-seeking (尋求刺激) or imperative (沖動(dòng)) they were. They then evaluated the participants’ multitasking ability with a tricky mental task that required the students to do simple mathematical calculations while remembering a set of letters.
Not surprisingly, the scientists said, most people thought they were better than average at multitasking, and those who thought they were better at it were more likely to report using a cellphone while driving or viewing multiple kinds of media at once. But those who frequently deal with many things at the same time were found to perform the worst at the actual multitasking test. They also were more likely to admit to sensation-seeking and impulsive behavior, which connects with how easily people get bored and distracted.
“People multitask not because it’s going to lead to greater productivity, but because they’re distractible, and they get sucked into things that are not as important.” Sanbonmatsu said.
Adam Gazzaley, a researcher at the University of California, San Francisco, who was not a member of the research group, said one limitation of the study was that it couldn’t find out whether people who start out less focused tend toward multitasking or whether people’s recognizing and understanding abilities change as a result of multitasking.
The findings do suggest, however, why the sensation-seeker who multitask the most may enjoy risky distracted driving. “People who are multitasking are generally less sensitive to risky situations.” said Paul Atchley, another researcher not in the group. “This may partly explain why people go in for these situations even though they’re dangerous.”
【小題1】The research led by Sanbonmatsu indicates that people who multitask __________.

A．seek high productivity constantly
B．prefer handling different things when getting bored
C．a(chǎn)re more focused when doing many things at a time
D．have the poorest results in doing various things at the same time
【小題2】When Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues conducted their research, they __________.
A．a(chǎn)ssessed the multitasking ability of the students
B．evaluated the academic achievements of the students
C．a(chǎn)nalyzed the effects of the participants’ tricky mental tasks
D．measured the changes of the students’ understanding ability
【小題3】According to Sanbonmatsu, people multitask because of their __________.
A．limited power in calculation
B．interests in doing things differently
C．inability to concentrate on one task
D．impulsive desire to try new things
【小題4】From the last paragraph, we can learn that multitaskers usually __________.
A．drive very skillfully
B．go in for different tasks
C．fail to react quickly to potential dangers
D．refuse to explain the reasons for their behavior

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

When Geoff Marcy was 14, his parents bought him a telescope. Every night, he would go onto the roof outside his window to see the wonders of the sky.
“What excited me most was whether there were planets in other solar systems where life might exist,” he says. “I decided to try to find planets orbiting other stars like our Sun.”
And he did. “My fellow researcher, Paul Butler, and I found our first planet in 1995,” Dr. Marcy says. “We worked for ten years without finding anything! But we stuck with it and our patience paid off.”
Since then, the two scientists have discovered 65 of the more than 100 planets found orbiting other stars. Dr. Marcy and Dr. Butler also spotted the first “family” of three planets. In June 2002 they announced another discovery: a Jupiter-like planet orbiting star 55Cancri.
At first, the two researchers found only planets that orbit close to stars. Recently, the scientists found planets farther out. The planet orbiting 55Cancri is a major breakthrough: it is the first sighting of a large gas planet about same distance from the star as Jupiter is from the Sun.
Why is this important ? Scientists think that life on Earth may exist because of two special features in our solar system. The first is Jupiter.
“Because it’s so big, Jupiter pulls comets and asteroids(小行星), or they all come and hit the Earth.” Dr. Marcy explains. “Without Jupiter , life on Earth would likely have been destroyed.”
A second feature is that Earth is a rocky planet where liquid water, which is necessary for life , can exist. Unlike gas planets, rocky planets like Earth have surfaces where water can gather in pools and seas, which may support life. A huge space exists between the Jupiter-like planet and two other planets that lie close to 55Cancri. Is there an Earth-like planet in the space, too small for us to notice? If so, says Dr. Marcy, “We would have two striking similarities to our solar system: a Jupiter-like planet and an Earth-like planet. And there may be life!”
【小題1】What can we learn about Dr. Marcy from the passage?

A．He is fond of watching Jupiter.
B．He is from a scientist family.
C．He dislikes working with Paul Butler.
D．He is interested in finding life in outer space.
【小題2】Which of the following is true of the recent discovery?
A．The planet is not as protective as Jupiter.
B．The planet is close to star 55Cancri.
C．The planet proves to be a gas planet.
D．The planet is as large as Jupiter.
【小題3】Dr. Marcy and Dr. Butler began to find new planets in ____.
A．1995B．1985C．2002D．1981
【小題4】Dr. Marcy thinks that life may exist in the 55Cancri system because ____.
A．he has found the system similar to the solar system.
B．he has discovered an Earth-like planet there.
C．he has discovered a rocky planet there.
D．he has found signs of life in the system
【小題5】“But we stuck with it”( in Paragraph 3) means ____.
A．they felt discouragedB．they carried on with it
C．they failed in their attemptD．they made some progress

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

Societies all over the world name places in similar ways. Quite often there is no official naming ceremony but places tend to be called names as points of reference by people. Then an organized body steps in and gives the place a name. Often it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits died hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost.
Many roads and places in Singapore are named in order that the pioneers will be remembered by future generations. Thus we have names such as Stamford Road and Raffles Place. This is in keeping with traditions in many countries ---- in both the West and the East.
Another way of naming places is naming them after other places. Perhaps they were named to promote friendships between the two places or it could be that the people who used to live there were originally from the places that the roads were named after. The mystery is clearer when we see some of the roads named in former British bases. If you step into Selector Airbase you will see Piccadilly Circus ---- obviously named by some homesick Royal Air Force personnel.
Some places were named after the activities that used to go on at those places. Bras Basah Road is an interesting example, “Base Basah” means “wet rice” in Malay. Now why would anyone want to name a road “Wet Rice Road”? The reason is simple. During the pioneering days, wet rice was laid out to dry along this road.
A few roads in Singapore are named by their shapes. There is “Circular Road” for one. Other roads may have parts of their names to describe their shapes, like “ Paya Lebar Crescent”. This road is called a crescent (月牙) because it begins on the main road, makes a crescent and comes back to join the main road again.
【小題1】We learn from Paragraph 1 that _____.

A．the government is usually the first to name a place
B．a(chǎn) ceremony will be held when a place is named
C．people prefer the place names given by the government
D．many places tend to have more than one name
【小題2】Which of the following places is named after a person?
A．Selector Airbase.B．Raffles Place.
C．Piccadilly Circus.D．Paya Lebar Crescent.
【小題3】What does the underlined phrase “die hard” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．Change suddenly.B．Change greatly.
C．Disappear very slowly.D．Disappear quickly.
【小題4】Bras Basah Road is named _______.
A．a(chǎn)fter a placeB．a(chǎn)fter an activity
C．a(chǎn)fter a personD．by its shape
【小題5】What can be inferred from the passage?
A．The way Singaporeans name their places is unique.
B．Some places in Singapore are named for military（軍事） purposes.
C．Young Singaporeans have forgotten the pioneers.
D．Some place names in Singapore are the same as in Britain.

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

High-tech machines have made life easier for millions around the world. However, some people still prefer low-tech ways of doing things. Here’s an example of why this is happening. You can microwave a frozen hamburger in 60 seconds. However, it won’t taste as good as one you cook on the stove. And if you’re in that much of a hurry, you probably won’t take time to toast the bun. High-tech cooking saves time, but it doesn’t make for better-tasting meals.
Most people get their news from high-tech sources like television or the Internet. This has many advantages. For example, electronic news is more up to date than newspapers or magazines. It’s also more exciting to see live and videotaped news events than photographs. However, newspapers and magazines have some important advantages. They give more background and details. They also let you read the parts that are important to you and skip the rest.
Other high-tech timesavers have similar disadvantages. For examples, most people use the phone or e-mail to stay in touch with friends and family members who live in other places. But when you use the Internet or the phone, you don’t always think carefully about what you are saying, and sometimes you forget the important things you want to communicate. Similarly, when you word-process a homework assignment instead of handwriting it, you can check your spelling electronically and put in fancy headings. However, some students are so busy with the computer that they don’t pay enough attention to the actual words they are writing.
【小題1】Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

A．The writer likes high-tech cooking.
B．Low-tech cooking produces better-tasting meals.
C．High-tech news programs always keep you reading what is important to you.
D．Handwritten homework is better than word-processed homework.
【小題2】How does the writer feel about high-tech tool?
A．Better late than never.B．Easy come, easy go.
C．Every coin has two sides.D．Learn to walk before you run.
【小題3】What is the main subject discussed in the text?
A．High-tech vs. low-tech
B．Advantages vs. disadvantages.
C．Newspapers and magazines vs. television and the Internet.
D．Word-processing vs. handwriting.

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

Empathy(同情心) lets us feel another person’s pain and drives us to help. Do any other animals feel empathy? Scientists recently found that rats(老鼠) do, too.
Most people don’t like rats. In many people’s eyes, rats are only bad. But Jean Decety and his partners at the University of Chicago did an experiment. It showed that rats are kind, warm-hearted animals. They can feel each other’s pain.
Scientists placed pairs of rats in plastic cages(籠子) for two weeks. During this time they got to know each other. Then they put one of the rats from each pair into a small container(容器) in the cages. The small container had a door. It was so designed as to fall to the side when the free rat touched it. Many of the trapped(困住的) rats squeaked(吱吱叫) to show their discomfort. The other rats of the pairs could see their suffering(受苦的) friends clearly.
In most pairs, the free rats would become very worried about their friends. They kept trying to save their friends again and again throughout the month. Scientists put the rats’ favorite chocolate in the cages, but the rats didn’t eat it until they had saved their friends successfully. Scientists also found that female rats seemed to act more empathetic than male rats.
“The results are the first to show that rats take action in response to another’s trouble,” Decety said. “Monkeys and chimpanzees have similar behavior. But unlike those animals, rats can be ready used in laboratory studies. They will help us to learn which parts of the brain lead to empathy and helping behavior and whether empathy is natural.”
【小題1】A person with empathy is often _____.

A．kind-heartedB．cleverC．a(chǎn)ctiveD．strong
【小題2】Why didn’t the free rats eat the chocolate at first?
A．Because they were not hungry at that time.
B．Because chocolate was not their favorite food.
C．Because they wanted to save the trapped rats first.
D．Because they were afraid that the chocolate was bad.
【小題3】Which of the following animals were NOT mentioned in the passage?
A．Monkeys.B．Chimpanzees.C．Rats.D．Cats.
【小題4】What does the passage mainly tell us?
A．Rats can feel other animals’ pain.
B．Chocolate is rats’ favorite food.
C．Rats are empathetic and can feel each other’s pain.
D．Female rats are more empathetic than male rats.

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

In the near future，we may be using our eyes to operate our smart-phones and tablets，even when it comes to playing popular games like Fruit Ninja．
The Gaze Group has been developing eye-controlled computer technology for nearly 20 years．But those devices have been firstly designed to help those with disabilities，and are very expensive．
“After a while，we figured out that probably the best way is to go for a mass-market way，” says Gaze’s Sune Alstrup Johansen．“where everybody would have this available．"
Johansen and some of his colleagues have formed a new company，the Eye Tribe，which is hoping to develop the technology on a mass commercial level．
The technology works with the help of the computing device toward the user’s face． After making sure of the user’s eye movements，the technology is then able to easily find where a person’s eyes are moving，and then allow the eyes to control a cursor（光標(biāo)）．
“Our software can then determine the location of the eyes and know where you’re looking on the screen to make sure what you’re looking at，“reads an explanation on the Eye Tribe site．
There has been a gradual change toward hands-free technology in recent years， particularly in the gaming world．Recently Xbox released the Kinect device，which lets users control their Xbox and play certain games using only their hands，legs and voices． But still，most of these devices have been more of a gimmick than a practical way to use one’s hands to control a mobile device．Johansen said a replaceable filter（濾光器）would be a cheap，convenient way for most consumers．
And even as companies like The Eye Tribe work to create such a product for the average user, making the eye-controlled technology more accessible and less expensive will have similar benefits for physically disabled users.
For more articles on modern science，please CLICK here．
【小題1】Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?

A．An introduction of a new device．
B．An introduction of smart-phones．
C．An introduction of eye-controlling technology．
D．An introduction of a new technology for the disabled．
【小題2】The underlined word“gimmick” probably means         .
A．a(chǎn) trick B．a(chǎn) way C．a(chǎn) lie D．a(chǎn) dream
【小題3】According to the passage，we can learn that      .
A．the eye-controlling technology was first developed for the blind
B．the present developing 0f the technology will bring no good
C．there is no such a phone as we can use only with our eyes at present
D．the eye-controlling technology is only intended for the disabled people
【小題4】This passage is probably taken from         .
A．a(chǎn)n experiment report B．a(chǎn) science fiction
C．a(chǎn) school textbook D．a(chǎn) science website

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

Can a fish hear fishermen moving along the stream? What are the facts about the ability of a fish to see? Can they tell the difference between colors?
The sharp hearing of a fish has been proved by two scientists, who trained a fish to expect its food when it heard the sound of a whistle. And a slight sound two hundred feet away could drive fishes away. That should make fishermen start thinking.
One scientist had made experiments to prove fish can recognize different colors such as red, brown, yellow and green.
Fish also have an eye for different shapes. One scientist proved this by teaching fish to connect certain patterns with food. He used a small circle and a square. If the fish swam towards the circle, they received food as a reward. If they swam towards the square, they received nothing. The fish learned in time to go to the circle but not to the square. Does this mean that in time fish might learn to leave alone all food on hooks that they have seen often before? Here is something for all fishermen to think about!
These facts help to make more believable some of the “believe it or not” stories that have been told about fish. It is clear that fish have sometimes shown their ability to gain knowledge as man does. A good example of what we might call “thinking” by a fish is given by an experience of Dr. Andrew Gage. Fishing over a bridge, he hooked a fish. It struggled and dragged the line two hundred feet away before he stopped it. Then it swam back to the bridge. The clever fish then swam round a pile and, with a sudden push, broke the line. If the story ended there, one could say that the fish had freed itself by chance. However, Gage went on fishing. Below him he could see the fish that had broken loose. After another twenty minutes the fish again seized the food on the hook. This time it did not swim out but swam round one of the piles and again broke the line.
Many stories are told of the fish that get away and the clever “old hand” ones that can’t be caught. The more often a fish is nearly caught, the more difficult it will be to interest it next time.
【小題1】The last two paragraph’s mainly discuss _________.

A．whether a fish can think as man does
B．how a fish could escape from danger
C．how to catch a fish more easily
D．whether a fish is believable
【小題2】 What’s the best title of the passage?
A．Fish can hear and see
B．How clever is a fish?
C．Fish can play tricks
D．How scientists help fishermen.
【小題3】We can infer from the last paragraph that _________.
A．it’s difficult to catch fish;
B．fish are cleverer sometimes than fishermen
C．fish seem to learn by their experience
D．fewer people will be interested in fish

查看答案和解析>>

同步練習(xí)冊答案