Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant form city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years – lots that could have housed five to six million people.

  Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.

 

1.With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?

[A] Types of mass transportation.

[B] Instability of urban life.

[C] How supply and demand determine land use.

[D] The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion.

2.Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?

[A] To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.

[B] To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.

[C] To show mass transportation changed many cities.

[D] To contrast their rate of growth.

3.According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?

[A] It was expensive.

[B] It happened too slowly.

[C] It was unplanned.

[D] It created a demand for public transportation.

4.The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city,

[A] that is large.

[B] that is used as a model for land development.

[C] where the development of land exceeded population growth.

[D] with an excellent mass transportation system.

 

Vocabulary

1.revise                  改變

2.fabric                  結(jié)構(gòu)

3.catalyze                  催化，加速

4.sort out                  把……分門別類，揀選

5.omnibus                  公共汽車/馬車

6.trolley                  （美）有軌電車，（英）無軌電車

7.periphery            周圍，邊緣

8.sprawl                  建筑物無計(jì)劃延伸，蔓延，四面八方散開

9.lot                  小片土地

10.underscore            強(qiáng)調(diào)，在下面劃橫線

11.transit lines            運(yùn)輸線路

12.subdivision            （出售的）小塊土地，再劃分小區(qū)

 

1.D

2.C

3.C

4.C

【解析】

寫作方法與文章大意

文章論述了“公共交通從三方面改變了城市的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)。”采用分類寫法。文章一開始就提出三方面：第一，促進(jìn)城市實(shí)質(zhì)性的擴(kuò)展；第二，把人和土地分民別類加以利用；第三，加速了城市生活的不穩(wěn)定性。然后就是三方面的具體內(nèi)容。

1.D 公共交通運(yùn)輸對城市擴(kuò)展的影響。文章開門見山提出這一點(diǎn)“公共交通運(yùn)輸從三個(gè)根本方面改變了美國城市的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)。”后面文章內(nèi)容就是三方面的具體化。

A. 公共交通運(yùn)輸類型。 B. 城市生活的不穩(wěn)定性。 C. 供需如何決定土地利用。這三項(xiàng)文中作為具體問題提到，并不是文章涉及的主要題目。

2.C 說明公共交通改變了許多城市。答案箭第一段第四句“舉例說，1850年，波士頓市界離老的商業(yè)地區(qū)幾乎不到2英里，到了這世紀(jì)末，其半徑擴(kuò)至10英里�，F(xiàn)在供得起的人們可以住得很遠(yuǎn)，遠(yuǎn)離老的城市中心，仍然來回去那里上班、購物和娛樂”。第七句，“舉例說，在1890至1920年期間，據(jù)記載，芝加哥市界內(nèi)有約250，000個(gè)新的住宅樓區(qū)大多數(shù)設(shè)在郊區(qū)。經(jīng)過同樣這段時(shí)期，市區(qū)外，但仍在芝加哥大都市地區(qū)內(nèi)，又計(jì)劃建造了550，000個(gè)住宅樓區(qū)。”

A. 表示成長的正反兩方面效果。B. 舉有無公共交通運(yùn)輸?shù)某鞘袨槔?D. 對比兩者成長率；都不是本文中舉兩城市例子的目的。

3.C 沒有計(jì)劃。見第二段第三句起“城市擴(kuò)展蔓延根本無計(jì)劃，好幾千個(gè)小的投資商進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展，毫不考慮相互協(xié)調(diào)配合利用土地，也不考慮未來土地利用。”

A. 太貴 和 B.太慢，兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，文內(nèi)沒有提。D. 它創(chuàng)造了對公共交通運(yùn)輸?shù)男枨�。這不是住宅擴(kuò)展的一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)，而是三個(gè)根本改變城市的一個(gè)方面。見第一段第三句：“通過大量開發(fā)未占土地?cái)U(kuò)建住宅，公共汽車、馬車、鐵路、來回火車，有軌電車把已有人定居的居住區(qū)向外擴(kuò)展了三四倍，比他們先現(xiàn)代時(shí)期的市中心更遠(yuǎn)。”

4.C（第二段中以芝加哥城市例子說明）土地開發(fā)超過人口增長速度。答案詳見第二段“這些購買和置備土地建設(shè)住宅，特別是購置臨近城市或就在市界外的土地，搶在交通線路和中產(chǎn)階層的居民進(jìn)去之前。他們這樣做的目的是創(chuàng)造一種需求，也是響應(yīng)這種需求。芝加哥就是這種過程的典型例子。那里的房地產(chǎn)小塊土地比人口增長快得很多很多。”

A. 城市大。B. 用作土地開發(fā)的樣板。 D. 具有優(yōu)越的公共的交通系統(tǒng)。

練習(xí)冊系列答案
相關(guān)習(xí)題

科目：高中英語 來源：2014屆江蘇省常州市高三第一學(xué)期期末考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：單項(xiàng)填空

The Chinese abacus(算盤), officially ______ as a cultural heritage at the 8th Annual UNESCO World Heritage Congress, is another symbol of Chinese wisdom.

A. having listedB. listedC. having been listedD. listing

 

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：2013-2014學(xué)年高考閱讀理解全程沖刺訓(xùn)練（2）英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin-deep. One' s physical assets and liabilities don' t count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best.

Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not- so-beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, the physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.

Un-American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔誠) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group--college students, perhaps, or teachers or corporate personnel managers a piece of paper relating an individual' s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average-looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.

Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.

In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. on another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire (追求) to managerial positions do not get on as well as who may be less attractive.

1. In "Beauty is only skin-deep", "skin-deep" can be replaced by______.

A. decorating B. superficial C. expressive D. demanding

2. "One's physical assets and liabilities don' t count all that much in a managerial career."(paral) can be interpretated as______.

A. whether or not one looks good or bad, it doesn' t affect much one' s managerial career

B. in one' s managerial career, he may deal with cases like assets and liabilities

C. in one' s managerial career, he may rarely deal with cases like assets and liabilities

D. whether or not one looks good or bad, it may affect much one' s managerial career

3. The result of research carried out by social scientists show that______.

A. people do not realize the importance of looking one' s best

B. women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paid well

C. good -looking women aspire to managerial positions

D. attractive people generally have an advantage over those who are not

4. "Good looks cut both ways for women" (Para.5) means that______.

A. attractive women have tremendous potential impact on public job

B. good-looking women always get the best of everything

C. being attractive is not always an advantage for women

D. attractive women do not do as well as unattractive women in managerial positions

5. It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world______.

A. handsome men are not affected as much by their looks as attractive women are

B. physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually do quite well

C. physically attractive men and women who are in the public eye usually get along quite well

D. good looks are important for women as they are for men

 

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：2013-2014學(xué)年高考閱讀理解全程沖刺訓(xùn)練（18）英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

Three Central Texas men were honored with the Texas Department of Public Safety's Director's Award in a Tuesday morning ceremony for their heroism in saving the victims of a serious two?car accident.

The accident occurred on March 25 when a vehicle lost control while traveling on rain?soaked State Highway 6 near Baylor Camp Road. It ran into an oncoming vehicle, leaving the occupants trapped inside as both vehicles burst into flames.

Bonge was the first on the scene and heard children screaming. He broke through a back window and pulled Mallory Smith, 10, and her sister, Megan Smith, 9, from the wreckage.

The girl's mother, Beckie Smith, was not with them at the time of the wreck, as they were traveling with their body sitter, Lisa Bowbin.

Beckie Smith still remembers the sickening feeling she had upon receiving the call informing her of the wreck and the despair as she drove to the scene.

Bozeman and Clemmons arrived shortly after Bonge and helped rescue the other victims and attempted to put out the fires.

“I was nervous，”Bozeman said. “I don't feel like I'm a hero. I was just doing what anyone should do in that situation. I hope someone would do the same for me.”

Everyone at the accident made it out alive, with the victims suffering from nonlife?threatening injuries. Mallory Smith broke both femurs, and Megan had neck and back injuries. Bowbin is still recovering from a broken pelvis, ankle and foot.

The rescuers also were taken to the hospital and treated for cuts and smoke breathing, Bonge said.

In addition, Bozeman got to meet accident victim Anthony Russo in the hospital after the accident, where Russo presented him with a glass frame inscribed with “Thank you”， Bozeman said. Those involved in that fateful encounter on Highway 6 credited God blessing for bringing them together.

“Whatever the circumstances, Tuesday's ceremony provided a time to be grateful for those who put their lives on the line for the lives of complete strangers，”Beckie Smith said，“We're calling it The Miracle on Highway 6.”

1.What's the main idea of the passage?

A．Three persons were awarded for rescuing victims in a car accident.

B．Three ordinary people were regarded as great heroes.

C．Several victims were carried to safety from the burning cars.

D．A car accident occurred on rain?soaked State Highway 6.

2.Who saved Megan Smith from the damaged car?

A．Clemmons. B．Anthony Russo.C．Bozeman. D．Bonge.

3.Which of the following can be used to describe Bozeman?

A．Kind. B．Modest.C．Excited. D．Smart.

4.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A．Luckily, no one received too serious injuries in the accident.

B．All the victims received slight injuries in the accident.

C．The rescuers were taken to the hospital to visit the victims.

D．The injured will soon recover from their injuries.

5.It can be inferred from what Beckie Smith said that____.

A．she regarded the accident as a wonder

B．she was frightened by the serious accident

C．she thought highly of the rescuers

D．she called on others to learn from the rescuers

 

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：2013-2014學(xué)年高考閱讀理解全程沖刺訓(xùn)練（16）英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

Alex London Research Laboratory (ALRL) is part of Alex Co., Ltd., a major Australian medicine-making company. Opened in 1992, ALRL specializes in the development of new medicines for the treatment of heart diseases．

A position is now open for a Research Operations Manager(ROM) to support our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield，due to open in the autumn of 2010．

Reporting to the Director，you will help set up and run the technical and scientific support services of our new laboratories now under construction．You will be expected to provide expert knowledge about and be in charge of all areas of ALRL’S Health and Safety，and to communicate (溝通)with support employees at ALRL’S laboratories based at University College London．Working closely with scientists and other operations and technical employees，you will manage a small number of research support employees providing services to help with the research activities to be carried out at the new laboratories．

Candidates(申請人) will have experience of both management and research support／technical services．Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary. Education to degree level is also desirable．

If you are interested in this position，please send your CV(簡歷)to Alex London Research

Laboratory，University College London，Hatfield，London，W1E 6B7 or by email to ALRL@alex.co.uk．

For more Information．please visit www.alex.co.uk．

1. What can be learnt about the new laboratories from the text?

A. They have not yet been set up．

B. They are in Hatfield，Australia．

C. They belong to University College London．

D. They are new workplaces for Australian researchers only．

2. What are the duties of a ROM，according to the text?

 

 

 

A. a，b，c． B. a，b，d．

C. b，c，d． D. a，c，d．

3. What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about?

A. The technical skills of a would—be ROM．

B. The practical experience of a would—be ROM．

C. The personal information of a would—be ROM．

D. The necessary requirements for a would—be ROM．

4. What is the purpose of the text?

A. To describe the job of a ROM．

B. To provide information about ALRL．

C. To announce an open position at ALRL．

D. To make known the opening of the new laboratories．

 

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：2013-2014學(xué)年高考閱讀理解全程沖刺訓(xùn)練（13）英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

Somali pirates(海盜) robbed three Thai fishing ships with 77 sailors on board nearly l，200 Miles off the Somali coast，the farthest-off-shore attack to date，an officer said Tuesday.

Pirates have gone farther south and east in answer to increased patrols(巡邏)by warships off the Somali shore. The robbing of the three ships Sunday was about 600 miles outside the normal operation area for the international force，said a spokesman．

The spokesman said the attack so far out at sea was a clear sign that the international patrols against pirates were having a “marked effect on pirate activity in the area”.

“Once they start attacking that far out，you’re not even really talking about the Somali basin or areas of water that have any connection with Somalia,” said an officer，Roger Middleton. “Once you’re that far out，it's just the Indian Ocean，and it means you’re looking at trade going from the Gulf to Asia，from Asia to South Africa.”

"This is the farthest robbing to date. They are now operating near the Maldives and India,” said another officer.

The three ships--the MV Prantalay 11，12，and l 4—had 77 members on board in total．All of them are Thai, the spokesman said. Before the Sunday robbing，pirates held l l ships and 228 sailors.

Pirates have increased attacks over the past year in hopes。f catching more dollar payments. Because of increased patrols and defenses on board ships，the success rate(率)has gone down，though the number of successful attacks has stayed the same year over year.

1. The pirate attack reported in the text happened .

A. far out in the Indian Ocean

B. in the normal patrol area

C. near the Somali, coast

D. in the south of Africa

2. According to the text, which can best describe the situation of the pirate problems?

A. More goods on board are lost.

B. Pirate attacks happen in a larger area now.

C. The number of attacks has stayed the same these years.

D. Pirate attacks are as serious as before along the Somali coast.

3. Which is true about the warship patrols according to the text?

A. The patrols are of little effect.

B. The patrols are more difficult.

C. More patrols are quite necessary even in Asia.

D. The patrols only drive the pirates to other areas.

4.. How many sailors were held by the pirates up to the time of the report?

A. 228. B. 77. C. 383. D. 305.

 

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：2013-2014學(xué)年高考閱讀理解全程沖刺訓(xùn)練（11）英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.

  This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or – independently of any course – simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.

  We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it. That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far form being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of the human race equally.

  We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime rather than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.

 

1.According to the passage, ‘scientific subculture’ means

[A] cultural groups that are formed by scientists.

people whose knowledge of science is very limited.

[C] the scientific community.

[D] people who make good contribution to science.

2.We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because

[A] it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate scientists.

Science affects almost every aspect of our life.

[C] Scientists live in a specific subculture.

[D] It is easier to understand general characteristics of science.

3.The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who

[A] are intelligent college students and lay person who do not know much about science.

are good at producing various gadgets.

[C] work in a storehouse of dried facts.

[D] want to have a superficial understanding of science.

4.According to this passage,

[A] English is a sexist language.

only in the scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly.

[C] women are making significant contributions to eliminating the inadequacy of our language.

[D] male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists.

5.This passage most probably is

[A] a book review.

the preface of a book.

[C] the postscript of a book.

[D] the concluding part of a book.

 

Vocabulary

subculture            亞文化群（指在一個(gè)社會(huì)或一種文化內(nèi)具有獨(dú)特性的一群人）

superficial      膚淺的，淺薄的，表面的      

lay person            外行，門外漢，俗人

musty            發(fā)毒的，老朽的，陳腐的

gadget            小玩意兒，小配件，新發(fā)明

pervasive            滲透的，彌漫的，遍布的

populate            居住于……中，在……中占一席之地

implicit            含蓄的，內(nèi)含的

unspecified      未特別提出的

offset            抵消，補(bǔ)償

 

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：2013-2014學(xué)年高考第二輪專題復(fù)習(xí)提分訓(xùn)練專題四形容詞和副詞英語試卷（解析版） 題型：單項(xiàng)填空

(2013·高考天津卷)I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time—there are________ meaningful things to do.

A．less B．more

C．the least D．the most

 

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：2013-2014學(xué)年高考第二輪專題復(fù)習(xí)提分訓(xùn)練專題十六推理判斷英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

(2013·高考天津卷，D)When asked about happiness，we usually think of something extraordinary，an absolute delight，which seems to get rarer the older we get.

For kids，happiness has a magical quality.Their delight at winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved (毫不掩飾的)．

In the teenage years the concept of happiness changes.Suddenly it’s conditional on such things as excitement，love and popularity.I can still recall the excitement of being invited to dance with the most attractive boy at the school party.

In adulthood the things that bring deep joy－love，marriage，birth－also bring responsibility and the risk of loss.For adults，happiness is complicated (復(fù)雜的)．

My definition of happiness is “the capacity for enjoyment”．The more we can enjoy what we have，the happier we are.It’s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from the company of friends，the freedom to live where we please，and even good health.

I experienced my little moments of pleasure yesterday.First I was overjoyed when I shut the last lunch?box and had the house to myself.Then I spent an uninterrupted morning writing，which I love.When the kids and my husband came home，I enjoyed their noise after the quiet of the day.

Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a mix of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work.I don’t think that my grandmother，who raised 14 children，had much of either.She did have a network of close friends and family，and maybe this is what satisfied her.

We，however，with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area，have turned happiness into one more thing we’ve got to have.We’re so self?conscious about our “right” to it that it’s making us miserable.So we chase it and equal it with wealth and success，without noticing that the people who have those things aren’t necessarily happier.

Happiness isn’t about what happens to us－it’s about how we see what happens to us.It’s the skillful way of finding a positive for every negative.It’s not wishing for what we don’t have，but enjoying what we do possess.

1.As people grow older，they________.

A．feel it harder to experience happiness

B．associate their happiness less with others

C．will take fewer risks in pursuing happiness

D．tend to believe responsibility means happiness

2.What can we learn about the author from Paragraph 5 and 6?

A．She cares little about her own health.

B．She enjoys the freedom of traveling.

C．She is easily pleased by things in daily life.

D．She prefers getting pleasure from housework.

3.What can be inferred from Paragraph 7?

A．Psychologists think satisfying work is key to happiness.

B．Psychologists’ opinion is well proved by Grandma’ case.

C．Grandma often found time for social gatherings.

D．Grandma’s happiness came from modest expectations of life.

4.People who equal happiness with wealth and success________.

A．consider pressure something blocking their way

B．stress their right to happiness too much

C．are at a loss to make correct choices

D．are more likely to be happy

5.What can be concluded from the passage?

A．Happiness lies between the positive and the negative.

B．Each man is the master of his own fate.

C．Success leads to happiness.

D．Happy is he who is content.

 

查看答案和解析>>

同步練習(xí)冊答案