Cloud seeding is a method of artificially causing clouds to produce precipitation （降水） in the form of rain or snow．Cloud seeding has also been used in attempts to modify the severity of hail storms and hurricanes．The effectiveness of cloud seeding remains controversial （有爭議的）．but it continues to be used in some regions to try to increase rainfall for agriculture and to build snow packs for water supplies and power production．
Cloud seeding was developed by American scientists Irving Langmuir and Vincent Joseph Schaefer during and after World War II．Their work began as an effort to learn more about the buildup of ice on airplane wings, and eventually led them to attempt to create rainfall by releasing several pounds of crushed frozen carbon dioxide into a cloud from an airplane．In this form, the carbon dioxide is called dry ice．On November 13, 1946, the technique appeared to produce snow directly under the cloud; the snow then turned to rain as it fell to the ground．
For their experiment, Langmuir and Schaefer selected a supercooled cloud, one in which the water droplets remain liquid in subfreezing temperatures．Their theory was that small grains of dry ice falling through the cloud would cause tiny droplets of water vapor in the cloud to freeze into crystals that attracted more water vapor．Their theory proved to be correct and eventually the crystals became heavy enough to fall from the cloud as snow．As the snow reached the warmer temperatures closer to the ground, it melted and became rain．
Another scientist, Bernard Vonnegut, produced a method of cloud seeding using silver iodide （碘化銀）．He used particles of silver iodide because its crystal structure resembled that of ice in clouds．Silver
iodide also had practical advantages over frozen carbon dioxide It could be stored at room temperature
and did not require an airplane as a delivery mechanism．Instead, silver iodide crystals could be fired by
cannons （大炮） high into the air, where wind carried them into the clouds．
【小題1】According to the text, Langmuir and Schaefer had intended to deal with__
A．how to freeze carbon dioxide                      
B．how to remove ice on plane wings
C．how to make weather forecast for the war             
D how to hide planes in clouds at war
【小題2】What is the CORRECT order of the course for cloud seeding with dry ice?
a．snow becoming rain in wanner temperatures             b．crystals attracting more water vapor
c．crystals falling in the form of snow                     d．crystals becoming very heavy
e．freezing tiny droplets of water vapor into crystals
f．putting small grains of dry ice in the cloud

A．a(chǎn)-c-f-d-b-e B．b-f-e-a-c-d
C．f-e-b-d-c-a D．e-a-d-c-b-f
【小題3】Bernard chose silver iodide as a method of cloud seeding because___．
A．it is much cheaper than dry ice B．it can be stored at any rooms
C．it can be sent into clouds by wind D．it is similar
【小題4】The best title for the passage may be "____"．
A．Cloud Seeding
B．Artificial Raining
C．Weather Changing
D．Cloud Gathering
【小題5】How many methods of cloud seeding are mentioned in the passage?
A．three B．two C．one D．four


【小題1】B
【小題2】C
【小題3】D
【小題4】A
【小題5】B

解析試題分析：文章介紹了催化云的方法的發(fā)明和云催化的兩種方法（干冰和碘化銀），還有具體的過程。
【小題1】細(xì)節(jié)題：從文章第二段的句子：Cloud seeding was developed by American scientists Irving Langmuir and Vincent Joseph Schaefer during and after World War II．Their work began as an effort to learn more about the buildup of ice on airplane wings,可知Langmuir和 Schaefer 本打算處理飛機(jī)機(jī)翼上的冰。選B
【小題2】細(xì)節(jié)題：從文章第三段的句子：Their theory was that small grains of dry ice falling through the cloud would cause tiny droplets of water vapor in the cloud to freeze into crystals that attracted more water vapor．Their theory proved to be correct and eventually the crystals became heavy enough to fall from the cloud as snow．As the snow reached the warmer temperatures closer to the ground, it melted and became rain．
可知用干冰催化的云的過程是：f．將干冰射入云層，e．將小的雨滴變成晶體b．晶體吸引更多的水， d．晶體變得更重，c．晶體以水的形式落下，a．在溫暖的天氣下雪變成雨，選C
【小題3】細(xì)節(jié)題：從文章第四段的句子：He used particles of silver iodide because its crystal structure resembled that of ice in clouds．可知Bernard用碘化銀催化云的方法因?yàn)樗鼈兒芟嗨�，選D
【小題4】標(biāo)題確定題：從文章的內(nèi)容和第一段的句子：Cloud seeding is a method of artificially causing clouds to produce precipitation （降水） in the form of rain or snow．可知這篇文章講的是云的催化。選A
【小題5】細(xì)節(jié)題：從文章第三段和第四段的內(nèi)容：可知提到兩種催化云（干冰和碘化銀）的方法，選B
考點(diǎn)：考查科普類短文

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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

Our body clock，or natural body rhythm，influences our energy and alertness．Paying attention to it can help us choose the suitable time of day when we best perform specific tasks．
The reality，however，is that most of us organize their time around work demands，school deadlines，commuting or social events．Doing whatever your body feels like doing is a luxury in today's fast-paced modem society．
But that doesn't mean it isn't worth trying．Obeying our body clock has significant health benefits．Disrupting our natural body rhythm，on the other hand，has been linked to problems such as depression，obesity，or headache，says Steve Key，a biology professor．
When the body clock can synchronize（使……同步）the rhythms of its natural processes，it “gives us an advantage in daily life”，says Key．
According to him，when it comes to cognitive（認(rèn)知的）work，most adults perform best in the late morning．As our body temperature starts to rise just before awakening in the morning and continues to increase until midday，our memory，alertness and concentration gradually improve．
However，he adds，our ability to concentrate typically starts to decrease soon thereafter．Most of us are more easily distracted（分心）between noon and 4 pm．
Alertness also tends to fall after eating a meal and sleepiness tends to peak around 2 pm，making that a good time for a nap．
Surprisingly, tiredness may increase our creative powers．For most adults，problems that require open ended thinking are often best dealt with in the evening when they are tired， according to a study in the journal Thinking & Reasoning．
When choosing a time of day to exercise，paying attention to your body clock can improve results．Physical performance is usually best from about 3 to 6 pm，says Michael Smolensky，a professor of biomedical engineering．
Of course, not everyone's body clock is the same，making it even harder to synchronize natural rhythms with daily plans．
【小題1】If we know our natural body rhythm well, we can         ．

A．find out the suitable time to do specific tasks
B．organize our time around work demands
C．do whatever our body feels like doing
D．be sure to be healthy
【小題2】Which of the following is NOT true?
A．Our alertness is influenced by our natural body rhythm
B．Doing whatever your body feels like is very difficult in our modem society．
C．Obeying our body clock is good for our health．
D．Disrupting our natural body rhythm can lead to obesity．
【小題3】According to Steve Key，which of the following is NOT true?
A．When our body clock synchronizes the rhythms of its natural processes，we can do better．
B．When it comes to cognitive（認(rèn)知的）work，most people perform best in the late morning．
C．As body temperature rises before awakening in the morning，our concentration gradually improves．
D．We concentrate better in the late morning than between noon and 4 pm．
【小題4】Inspiration（靈感）to solve a difficult problem will most probably come to us     ．
A．when we get up in the morning
B．when we are tired in the evening
C．when we are full of energy in the late morning
D．when we are asleep at night
【小題5】Which of the following can be the suitable title for the passage?
A．What is natural body rhythm?
B．Natural body rhythm is good for us．
C．Something about natural body rhythm．
D．The latest research about natural body rhythm．

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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

LONDON—Here’s a new warning from health experts：Sitting is deadly.
Scientists are increasingly warning that sitting for long periods—even if you also exercise regularly—could be bad for your health.And it doesn’t matter where the sitting takes place—at the office，at school，in the car or before a computer or TV—just the overall number of hours it occurs.Several studies suggest people who spend most of their days sitting are more likely to be fat，have a heart attack or even die.
In an editorial published this week in the British Journal of Sports Medicine，Elin Ekblom­Bak of the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences suggested that authorities rethink how they define physical activity to highlight the dangers of sitting.
While health officials have issued guidelines recommending minimum amounts of physical activity，they haven’t suggested people try to limit how much time they spend in a seated position.
“After four hours of sitting，the body starts to send harmful signals，”said Ekblom­Bak.She explained that genes regulating(調(diào)節(jié)) the amount of glucose(葡萄糖) and fat in the body start to shut down.
Even for people who exercise，spending long periods of time sitting at a desk is still harmful.Tim Armstrong，a physical activity expert at the World Health Organization，said people who exercise every day—but still spend a lot of time sitting—might get more benefit if that exercise was spread across the day，rather than in a single bout(一回)．
Still，in a study published in 2009 that tracked more than 17,000 Canadians for about a dozen years，researchers found people who sat more had a higher death risk，whether or not they exercised.
“We don’t have enough evidence yet to say how much sitting is bad，” said Peter Katzmarzyk of the Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Baton Rouge，who led the Canadian study.“But it seems the more you can get up and interrupt this sedentary behavior，the better.”
Figures from a U．S. survey in 2003­2004 found Americans spend more than half their time sitting，from working at their desks to sitting in cars.
Experts said more research is needed to figure out just how much sitting is dangerous，and what might be possible to offset those effects.
“People should keep exercising because that has a lot of benefits，” Ekblom­Bak said.“But when they’re in the office，they should try to interrupt sitting as often as possible，” she said.
【小題1】What is the best title for the text?

A．Not Sitting Too Much While Working
B．How to Avoid Sitting Too Much
C．Sitting Too Much Could Be Deadly
D．More and More People Sit Too Much
【小題2】According to the research，________.
A．the more time you spend in exercising in a single bout(一回)，the healthier you will be
B．those who often sit too much are sure to grow fat or suffer from a heart attack
C．regular exercise is effective to get rid of the side effects of sitting too much
D．you had better not sit for more than four hours in a single bout
【小題3】How does the danger of sitting too much affect the human body?
A．It results in a higher death risk.
B．It increases glucose and fat in the body.
C．It makes a person unable to exercise long enough in a day.
D．It causes the gene to fail to balance the glucose and fat in the body.
【小題4】The underlined word “offset” in Paragraph 10 most probably means “________”．
A．improveB．a(chǎn)void
C．ignoreD．a(chǎn)chieve

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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

Inside their one-store, metal-roofed house on Vancouver Island’s west coast，Janet Schwartz and her domesticated(馴養(yǎng)的) deer, Bimbo, are returning to their normal lives. The law-represented by men and women dressed in black uniforms and carrying guns — is no longer threatening to forcibly separate Schwartz and Bimbo，freeing the l0-year-old deer to the fates (命運(yùn)) of the surrounding rainforest and its hungry wolves and black bears．
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For four days last week，Schwartz’ life turned as rocky as the rough logging road that connected her life to the outside world. Conservation officers had arrived with orders to loose Bimbo. Schwartz was told she wasn’t allowed to touch Bimbo any more. It seemed somebody had complained，said Environment Minister Terry Lake earlier in the week, noting it’s illegal to keep wild animals as pets.
During those tense days，sleepless nights were made even more restless by nightmares，said Schwartz. There were news stories and Facebook pages which supported Schwartz and by Friday，the government had changed its mind. Schwartz could keep her pet with the help of a veterinarian and conservation officers.
“It makes me feel good，”said Schwartz of the announcement．“She is my life．a(chǎn)nd I’ve had her since the day she’s been born.”
The relationship began when a friend found the orphaned fawn (幼鹿) along a nearby logging road，more than a kilometer away from her current home，said Schwartz. The friend brought the fawn over because she knew Schwartz had raised a deer before.
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【小題1】According to Paragraph 1 , Janet Schwartz’s life is returning to normal because           

A．no one disturbs her life againB．she can continue to keep the deer
C．she has married againD．Bimbo has returned to the forest
【小題2】Why didn’t Schwartz want to loose the deer?
A．It was the only companion in her house
B．She wanted to study the lifestyle of the deer．
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D．She had a veterinarian to help her．
【小題3】Conservation officers ordered Janet to loose Bimbo because            
A．the deer was not properly taken care of
B．the deer brought harm to the neighborhood
C．it was against the law to keep the deer as a pet
D．the deer made too much noise
【小題4】What made the government change its mind?
A．Schwartz’s love for the deer.
B．The threat to the deer in the wild.
C．The change of the law.
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

Boredom and Creativity
Most of us think of being bored at work as a negative experience, but a new study suggests it can have positive results including an increase in creativity because it gives us time to daydream.
That is the finding of Dr. Sandi Mann from the University of Central Lancashire. Dr. Mann conducted two studies. In the first experiment, 40 people were asked to carry out a boring task. They were told to copy numbers out of a telephone directory for 15 minutes. After that they were asked to complete another task. A pair of cups were given to each of them. Everyone tried to come up with different uses of the cups, and was given a chance to display their creativity. Meanwhile, another group of 40 people were just asked to come up with uses for the cups without doing any boring tasks before. It turned out that the 40 people who had first copied out the telephone numbers were more creative than the control group(對照組).
To see if daydreaming was a factor in this effect, a second boring task was introduced that allowed even more daydreaming than the boring writing task. This second study saw 30 people copying out the numbers as before, but also included a second group of 30 reading rather than writing them.
Again the researchers found that the people in the control group were least creative, but the people who had just read the names were more creative than those who had to write them out. This suggests that more passive boring activities, like reading or perhaps attending meetings, can lead to more creativity. Compared with reading, writing reduced the scope（范圍） for daydreaming. As a result, it reduces the  effects of boredom on creativity.
Dr. Mann says: “Boredom at work has always been seen as something to be avoided, but perhaps we should accept it in order to promote our creativity. What we want to do next is to see what the practical implications of this finding are. Do people who are bored at work become more creative in other areas of their work -- or do they go home and write novels?”  
【小題1】Who proved to be the most creative in the two studies?

A．The people who attended meetings.
B．The people who did the reading task.
C．The people who invented uses for cups.
D．The people who copied telephone numbers.
【小題2】The studies conducted by Dr. Mann indicate that creativity results from _______.
A．creative tasks
B．controlled activities
C．the range of daydreaming
D．reading and writing ability
【小題3】What is Dr. Mann’s attitude towards boredom at work?
A．Positive.
B．Skeptical.
C．Subjective.
D．Disapproving.
【小題4】What will Dr. Mann probably continue to research in their study?
A．The real causes of creativity.
B．The actual use of boredom.
C．The practical reasons of boredom.
D．The writing ability improved by boredom.

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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

The art of reading fiction is largely a matter of inferring meanings. To infer means to understand facts which are not directly stated---only suggested. Inference is one of the commonest ways of knowing things: a child holds his knee and cries; this action implies his feeling; an observer infers that the child is hurt. To infer accurately in everyday life requires caution in observing; to infer skillfully in fiction requires caution in reading; both require disciplined imagination.
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When the reader of a story understands all the facts and their interrelationships, he is ready to infer the significance of the story as a whole---its comment on the human situation. This comment, or theme, is the seed from which the story grew. It is also the idea by which all the separate elements of the story are governed, while these in turn further shape and modify the theme. In addition to action, character, and setting, these elements include structure, mood, tone, and point of view.
Fiction reading requires an awareness of all the ways in which a story communicates. It also requires attention to detail. What the author provides is a network of points which serve as clues to his meaning. He invites the reader to develop the meaning by inference, actually to create much of the story himself and so make it part of his own experience.
【小題1】According to the author, "infer" means ________ .

A．knowingfactsbeyondthestatement
B．lookingformoreevidencesforthestatement
C．findingoutadifferentmeaningfromthestatement
D．a(chǎn)ddingsomefactstothestatement
【小題2】What is inferring in fiction based on?
A．Readers’guessing.
B．Thebasicelementsofthestory.
C．Thesettingofthestory.
D．Theinterrelationshipsbetweenpeopleinthestory.
【小題3】What is the implied meaning of the last sentence?
A．Inferringcanreallyhelpthereaderdevelopimaginationandenrichhimself.
B．Inferringcanhelpthereaderwriteastoryofhisown.
C．Thereadershouldlookforanexperiencedescribedinthestoryhereads.
D．Theexperiencedescribedinthestorywillleaveagreatimpactonitsreader.
【小題4】What is the main idea of this passage?
A．Inferringisanartofwriting.
B．Inferringisaneedinfictionwriting.
C．Inferringisthebasicskillinreadingfiction.
D．Inferringiscommoninreading.

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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

Air pollution is one of the hottest topics at present because poor air quality is an important factor in both the incidence and cause of respiratory(呼吸道) diseases.
Zhong Nanshan, a deputy to the NPC and a member of the CAE, said recently when the concentration of PM2.5 rises by 10 micrograms per cubic meter, hospitalization may rise by as much as 3.1 percent. Meanwhile, when the concentration of PM2.5 rises from 25 mgs per cubic meter to 200, the average daily death rate may rise to 11 percent.
Zhi Xiuyi, a leading expert in lung cancer treatment and also vice-president of the CATS, said medical authorities used to focus on tobacco control as a primary means of preventing lung cancer. "But in fact, air pollution is no less harmful than smoking and our research team released a report earlier this year showing that the cancer rate in Beijing is closely related to industrialization," he said.
The report, conducted by the Beijing Institute of Cancer Research, shows that the number of cancer patients in China has increased markedly during the past ten years. Chaoyang District, the city's main area of industrialization, has the highest incidence of cancer, almost double that of Yanqing, an area on the outskirts of the city. About four out of 1000 Chaoyang residents have some form of the disease, with lung cancer at the top of the list.
"The risk of having cancer largely depends on the length of exposure and the concentration of noxious gases(有毒氣體的濃度)," said Zhi. In response to the doubt whether seven years' exposure to poor air quality will almost result in cancer, Zhi said the time scale was taken from research overseas that suggested the rate of incidence generally peaked in the seventh year of exposure to a heavily polluted environment.
【小題1】 What is the passage mainly about?

A．Medical researches on environment.
B．The disadvantages in big cities.
C．The only reason for the lung cancer.
D．Poor air quality contributing to lung cancer.
【小題2】What can you conclude from the 3rd paragraph?
A．Compared with smoking, air pollution is more harmful.
B．Air pollution is as harmful as smoking.
C．It is very important to prevent people from smoking.
D．People realize the importance of keeping healthy.
【小題3】If there were 3,000,000 people in Chaoyang District, how many would have respiratory diseases?
A．16000 B．12000 C．8000 D．7500
【小題4】What can you infer from the passage?
A．Industrialization has its weakness as well as strengths.
B．The average death rate rises with different ages and places.
C．The air in Beijing is much more polluted than that in the other cities.
D．The more heavily-polluted air you breathe in, the sooner you’ll have cancer.

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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

What makes humans smarter than other animals? We’ve got a bigger brain, of course. But when it comes to brains, is bigger always better?

Traditionally, scientists have thought that humans’ superior intelligence derived(源于)mostly from the fact that our brains are three times bigger than those of our nearest living relatives, chimpanzees. People even used to believe that because men have slightly larger brains than women that men are smarter.
This, however, is not the truth. Scientists at University College London in the UK have found that brain organization, and not brain size, is the key to the superiority of human intelligence, reported Live Science.
Through millions of years of evolution, our ancestors were constantly pushed to get smarter so that they could meet the demands of new environments. However, holding this growing intelligence in increasingly large brains was not the best choice because bigger brains require more energy to power. “This is when reorganization may come into play, ”said Christophe Soligo, a member of the London research team.
In the study, scientists looked at the brains of 17 species of primates(靈長目動物), including monkeys, apes and humans. They found that in the process of evolution, brains didn’t keep growing as a whole. Certain regions of the brain grew prior to others in response to species’ needs, and in this way they could make the best use of their limited brain space.
For example, when early humans were struggling to survive, the brain region in charge of using tools and finding food grew in size more than other regions. But in modern times, the prefrontal cortex(前額皮質(zhì))—the region in charge of social cognition(認(rèn)知), moral judgments and goal-directed planning—grew more than the rest of the brain.
Think of the brain as a room. If a big room is poorly organized, it doesn’t necessarily store more stuff than a smaller one.
Paul Manger, professor at the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, explains this principle using the example of whales. He told Scientific American: “Whales have big brains, absolutely. But if you look at the actual structure of the brain, it’s not very complex. Brain size only matters if the rest of the brain is organized properly. ”
【小題1】It has recently been found that humans are smarter than the other animals mainly because　　　.

A．they are a species of primates
B．they have much larger brains
C．their brain structure is more complex
D．they were constantly pushed to get smarter
【小題2】According to the article, in recent human evolution, 　　　.
A．the brain kept growing in size to adapt to new environments
B．most regions of the brain didn’t change
C．the prefrontal cortex grew more than the rest of the brain
D．humans’ brains became increasingly simple so that humans could survive
【小題3】What can we conclude from the article?
A．Gender makes a difference in intelligence.
B．The size of the brain has nothing to do with intelligence.
C．Species whose brain is organized properly tend to be smarter.
D．Larger brains are usually organized better than smaller ones.
【小題4】The method the writer uses to develop the last paragraph is　　　.
A．by presenting research data
B．by giving examples
C．by making a comparison
D．by analyzing cause and effect

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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

(2013·高考浙江卷，C)The baby monkey is much more developed at birth than the human baby.Almost from the moment it is born，the baby monkey can move around and hold tightly to its mother.During the first few days of its life the baby will approach and hold onto almost any large，warm，and soft object in its environment，particularly if that object also gives it milk.After a week or so，however，the baby monkey begins to avoid newcomers and focuses its attentions on“mother”—the real mother or the mother­substitute(母親替代物)．
During the first two weeks of its life warmth is perhaps the most important psychological(心理的)thing that a monkey mother has to give to its baby.The Harlows，a couple who are both psychologists，discovered this fact by offering baby monkeys a choice of two types of mother­substitutes—one covered with cloth and one made of bare wire.If the two artificial mothers were both the same temperature，the little monkeys always preferred the cloth mother.However，if the wire model was heated，while the cloth model was cool，for the first two weeks after birth the baby monkeys picked the warm wire mother­substitutes as their favorites.Thereafter they switched and spent most of their time on the more comfortable cloth mother.
Why is cloth preferable to bare wire？Something that the Harlows called contact(接觸)comfort seems to be the answer，and a most powerful influence it is.Baby monkeys spend much of their time rubbing against their mothers’ skins，putting themselves in as close contact with the parent as they can.Whenever the young animal is frightened，disturbed，or annoyed，it typically rushes to its mother and rubs itself against her body.Wire doesn’t “rub” as well as does soft cloth.Prolonged(長時間的)“contact comfort” with a cloth mother appears to give the babies confidence and is much more rewarding to them than is either warmth or milk.
According to the Harlows，the basic quality of a baby’s love for its mother is trust.If the baby is put into an unfamiliar playroom without its mother，the baby ignores the toys no matter how interesting they might be.It screams in terror and curls up into a furry little ball.If its cloth mother is now introduced into the playroom，the baby rushes to it and holds onto it for dear life.After a few minutes of contact comfort，it obviously begins to feel more secure.It then climbs down from the mother­substitute and begins to explore the toys，but often rushes back for a deep embrace(擁抱)as if to make sure that its mother is still there and that all is well.Bit by bit its fears of the new environment are gone and it spends more and more time playing with the toys and less and less time holding onto its “mother”．
【小題1】Psychologically，what does the baby monkey desire most during the first two weeks of its life?

A．Warmth. B．Milk.
C．Contact. D．Trust.
【小題2】After the first two weeks of their life，baby monkeys prefer the cloth mother to the wire mother because the former is________.
A．larger in size
B．closer to them
C．less frightening and less disturbing
D．more comfortable to rub against
【小題3】What does the baby monkey probably gain from prolonged“contact comfort”？
A．Attention. B．Softness.
C．Confidence. D．Interest.
【小題4】It can be inferred that when the baby monkey feels secure，________.
A．it frequently rushes back for a deep embrace when exploring the toys
B．it spends more time screaming to get rewards
C．it is less attracted to the toys though they are interesting
D．it cares less about whether its mother is still around
【小題5】The main purpose of the passage is to ________.
A．give the reasons for the experiment
B．present the findings of the experiment
C．introduce the method of the experiment
D．describe the process of the experiment

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