6．Long ago，sailors sailed to faraway places without the ability to rely on modern instruments to lead the way．Still，many were able to sail across vast，uncharted oceans and arrive at their destinations safely．Why didn't more sailors get lost at sea？What kinds of equipment did they use to find their way？
In early sailing history，few maps were available．Sailors had to rely on memory and on written guides called pilot books．Pilot books offered sailors information about how long it took to get to certain ports and instructions about getting in and out of the ports．Pilot books did not offer much information about sailing far from land．
Later，sailors used maps，charts，and information from other explorers to plan their trips．Early maps and charts offered descriptions of islands and coastlines tht helped sailors navigate．Experienced sailors learned where harbors，fresh water，supplies，and riendly people might be found．They were also able to warn others about dangers．Some of the early navigation practices and equipment used on these ships proved to be quite trustworthy．Early sailors used a tool called the astrolabe （星盤） to figure out the positions of stars and the sun to determine their location．For centuries，sailors planned their routes，sailed，and recorded their progress using the North Star as their only reference．They also used patterns of wind and waves as directional clues．Even though ocean waves may look the same to inexperienced eyes，they have different shapes related to the depth of the ocean and their closeness to land．Sailors even found a way that clouds and seabirds could help them．
The sailors of yesterday relied heavily on their observations and studies of the sea．Although their techniques were simple，they were able to achieve great things during their adventures at sea．
28．According to the text，pilot booksA．
A．a(chǎn)re maps charted by other sailors   
B．a(chǎn)re guides written by other sailors
C．offer descriptions of islands and ports  
D．offer information about sailing far away
29．We know from the text that early explorers and sailorsD．
A．established the shipping network    
B．invented many modern sailing tools
C．could locate all the ports and islands  
D．shared information and offered warnings
30．What is Paragraph 4mainly about？D
A．How early sailors found their way．
B．The importance of early navigation．
C．The difficulty of sailing far from land．
D．What arly sailors found on their journeys．
31．What's the author's attitude towards the sailors of yesterday？C
A．Objective．
B．Sympathetic．
C．Praiseworthy．
D．Regretful．

分析 本文主要寫了古代航海在沒有現(xiàn)在技術(shù)的情況下尋到了各種航海的方法．

解答 28．A 細節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)文中句子Sailors had to rely on memory and on written guides called pilot books可見這種書是由其他的水手繪制的，所以答案選A．
29．D推理判斷題．根據(jù)句子Experienced sailors learned where harbors，fresh water，supplies，and riendly people might be found．They were also able to warn others about dangers．可見有經(jīng)驗的水手的經(jīng)驗都是后人航海的借鑒，他們的這些東西都是共享的，所以答案選D．
30．D 主旨大意題．通過段落內(nèi)容可知本段主要寫了早期的水手在他們旅途中的各種發(fā)明，所以答案選D．
31．C 寫作態(tài)度題．根據(jù)文章最后一段Although their techniques were simple，they were able to achieve great things during their adventures at sea．
盡管他們的技術(shù)很簡單，但他們在海上冒險時卻能實現(xiàn)偉大的成就，可以看出作者對于古代的航海是一種值得贊揚的，所以答案選C．

點評 閱讀理解題測試考生在閱讀基礎(chǔ)上的邏輯推理能力，要求考生根據(jù)文章所述事件的邏輯關(guān)系，對未說明的趨勢或結(jié)局作出合理的推斷；或根據(jù)作者所闡述的觀點理論，對文章未涉及的現(xiàn)象、事例給以解釋．考生首先要仔細閱讀短文，完整了解信息，準確把握作者觀點．

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D．One in six Americans are all-nighters．
64．Which of the following is the immediate effect of long-term sleep loss？C
A．Health problems                            
B．Immune system
C．Reaction times                              
D．Memory impairment
65．The underlined phrase"bank up"in the last paragraph most probably meansA．
A．pile up      B．pick up      C．a(chǎn)dd up               D．build up．

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