[1] Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior. One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards.
[2] They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game, which is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players, at a cost to the punisher. The most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least. And the more a group punished itself,                  . The group with the most punishment earned twenty-five percent less than the group with the least punishment.
[3] The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children were ages two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children were ages five to nine. The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not. The study says the IQs — or intelligence quotients — of the younger children who were not spanked (打屁股) were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points.
[4] Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire worked with Mallie Paschall from the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development is. He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common.
小題1: What is the best title of the passage? (no more than 10 words)
                                                                             
小題2:Which sentence in the text is the closest in meaning to the following one?
Compared to the children's IQs whose parents use physical punishment, the result of those whose parents don't is 5 points higher.
                                                                             
小題3:Fill in the blank in paragraph 2 with proper words. (no more than 5 words)
                                                                             
小題4:List three facts that lead to the most successful behavior in paragraph 2. (no more than 8 words)
                                                                             
小題5:Translate the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 into Chinese.
                                                                             

小題1:Punishment is not the best way to influence behavior.
小題1:The study says the IQs -- or intelligence quotients -- of the younger children who were not spanked(打屁股) were five points higher than those who were.
小題1:The lower its earnings are
小題1:Cooperation; most reward; least punishment
小題1:兩個小組都包括父母使用體罰手段的孩子和父母不使用體罰手段的孩子.
略
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Most people look forward to retirement as a time when they can finally take up activities that they never had the time or energy to pursue before. Bust some recent studies on people in their golden years are disturbing: they suggest that retirees are more likely to suffer from depression and possibly higher rates of other diseases such as heart disease and high blood pressure. That’s why a new study of French workers is welcome news.
Led by Hugo Westerlund, a professor of psychology at Stockholm University, the study of more than 14,000 workers found lower rates of depression and fatigue(疲勞) in people after they got tired while they were still employed.
The scientists followed the employees of the French national gas and electric company for 14 years. They found in the year immediately after retirement, the volunteers reported 40% fewer depressive symptoms than they had in the year before their retirement. The researchers also found an 81% drop in reports of both mental and physical fatigue over the same time period.
Clearly, said Westerlund, much of these decrease in physical and mental fatigue can be traced back to relief from the stresses of work. The decline in depressive symptoms suggests that retirement may be having a positive mental effect, too, which may have a lot to do with the generous pensions(養(yǎng)老金) that French workers enjoy. Most retirees in that country still benefit from about 80% of their yearly salaries.
“The economic or financial situation in retirement is very important,” Westerlund says. “We don’t know if the decrease in fatigue and depressive symptoms is because of the removal of something bad while in work or the addition of something good while in retirement. But no matter the reason, if life in retirement is not comfortable, then we won’t see the improvements we did.”
However, in European nations like France, governments are considering changes to pension plans, which may affect retirees’ health after they leave their jobs—with less of a financial safety net, workers may no longer seem so mentally and physically happy to be out of work.
(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)
小題1:According to some recent studies, retired people may have depression and higher rates of other disease like ____________________________________.
小題2:Westerlund’s group found that in the year just after the retirement most retired French workers felt much less tired both __________________________________.
小題3:What dies the word “improvements” in paragraph 5 refer to?
_______________________________________________________________
小題4:Retirement may make people happier with ___________________________________

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：完形填空


The internet has led to huge increase in credit-card (信用卡) fraud. Your card information could even be for sale in an illegal Website (非法網(wǎng)站). Websites offering cheap goods and services should be regarded with card. On line, shoppers who enter their credit-card information may never receive the goods they thought they bought.
The thieves then go shopping with your card number or sell the information over the Internet.
Computer hackers have broken down security (安全) system, raising questions about the safety of card-holder information.
Several months ago, 25000 customers of CD universe, an on-line music retailer, were not lucky. Their names, addresses and credit-card numbers were posted on a Website after the retailer refused to pay USD 157 828 to get back the information.
Credit-card firms are now fighting against on-line fraud. Master-card is working on plans for Web-only credit-card, with a lower credit limit. The card could be used only for shopping on-line. However, there are a few simple steps you can take to keep from being cheated.
Ask about your credit-card firm’s on-line rules: Under British law, cardholders are responsible for the first USD 78 of any fraudulent spending.
And shop only at secure sites: Send your credit-card information only if the Website offers advanced secure system.
If the security is in place, a letter will appear in the bottom right-hand corner of your screen. The Website address may also start the extra “s” stands for secure. If in doubt, give your credit-card information over the telephone.
Keep your password (密碼) safe: Most on-line sites require a user name and password before placing an order. Treat your password with care.
小題1:Find in the passage a word closest in meaning to the underlined word “fraud”.
_____________________________________________________________________________
小題2:According to this passage, why do most people worry about shopping on the Internet ? (回答詞數(shù)不超過8個)
_____________________________________________________________________________
小題3:If the passwords of your credit-cards are not probably kept, what will happen? (回答詞數(shù)不超過6個)
                                                                            

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：完形填空

閱讀下面的短文，并根據(jù)文章后的要求答題。（請注意問題后的詞數(shù)要求）
If you are worried about things and are under a lot of stress at work or school, then you are probably not sleeping well. Worry can keep you awake, tossing and turning in bed until the early hours of the morning when you eventually fall asleep. When you wake up, you don’t feel refreshed, but tired and worn out and unable to face a new day.
Dr. Henry Winkle, in a recent newspaper article entitled Stress and Sleep, indicates（暗示、表明）that                            . Dr. Winkle says, “The more we worry, the less we sleep, the more we are unable to deal with stress. If we can find a way to get a good night’s sleep,” he adds, “we can often find the energy to deal with what’s worrying us.”
So, what is a good night’s sleep? Research shows that the amount of sleep which people need in order to keep healthy varies a lot. Seven hours is about the average amount, though strangely enough, sleeping longer often gives you a headache instead of making you feel more refreshed.
Dr. Winkle believes that preparing for sleeping is important. People who work late should try to give themselves a short break and do something restful before going to bed. This could be watching TV or listening to music. Doing some exercise earlier in the day should help you to feel physically as well as mentally tired. A bedtime drink can also help, but coffee or tea should be avoided as they contain caffeine and will keep you awake. “When you put the light out,” Dr. Winkle says, “concentrate on relaxing your muscles, working slowly up from your feet, and you’ll be asleep before you know it.”
小題1:What is the best title of the passage?  (Please answer within 10 words) 
___________________________________________________________________________
小題2:Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one?
People shouldn’t go to sleep immediately but should take a break after working late in the night.
___________________________________________________________________________
小題3:Please fill in the blank in the second paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence. (Please answer within 10 words)
___________________________________________________________________________
小題4:Someone says that the longer you sleep, the better you feel. Try to find some arguments from the passage against the idea. (Please answer within 30 words)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
小題5:Translate the underlined sentence in the first paragraph into Chinese.   
___________________________________________________________________________

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：完形填空

閱讀表達(dá)(共五小題，每小題2分，滿分10分)
閱讀下面短文并回答問題，然后將答案寫到相應(yīng)的位置上(請注意問題后的詞數(shù)要求)。
[1]Cooking carrots whole before chopping them up increases their anti-cancer properties by 25 percent, researchers say.
[2]Leaving the vegetable intact (完整的) prevents valuable nutrients from being easily washed away into water. They can then be chopped up once cooked without loss of nutrients.
[3]Carrots have long been prized for their health benefits, especially their vitamin and fiber content. They contain huge amounts of carotenoids（類胡蘿卜素）which are converted into vitamin A in the body. They are also an excellent source of the anti-cancer compound falcarion (鐮葉芹醇). In a previous study, Dr Kirsten Brandt found rats fed on a diet containing carrots or isolated falcarino were less likely to develop tumors than those which were not.
[4]They also found that carrots boiled before they were cut contained 25 percent more falcarino than those that were chopped up first. Carrots which are cut have a higher surface area in contact with water, resulting in greater loss of nutrients, compared with boiling them whole. The heat softens the cell walls in the vegetable, allowing vitamins and falcarino to leach (過濾)out.
[5]Dr Brandt said, "The great thing about this is that it's a simple way for people to increase their uptake of a compound, which is good for you. All you need is a bigger saucepan. Naturally occurring   sugars, responsible for giving the carrots its sweet flavor, were also found in higher concentration in carrots that had been cooked whole."
[6]The team also carried out a taste on almost 100 volunteers comparing carrots boiled before being cut and some that are cut up first. More than 80 percent of volunteers said that carrots cooked whole tasted much better.
[7]Boiling carrots whole appears to help them keep more of the nutrients. This is really a piece of good news because the method is of great value. Some other vegetables, such as parsnips (歐洲蘿卜) which are from the same family and have a roughly similar size and texture can also be more nutritious by ____.
1. What’ s the main idea of the passage? (No more than 10 words)
                                                                      
2. Complete the following statement with proper words. (No more than 2 words)
          can be kept by maintaining the vegetable whole when we are washing it.
3. Fill in the blank in Paragraph 7 with proper words. (No more than 3 words)
                                                                        
4. Why do people regard carrots as healthful vegetables? (No more than 8 words)
                                                                         
5. What does the word "those line 2, paragraph 4)  probably refer to? (No more than 2 words)
                                                                        

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：完形填空

閱讀下面的短文， 并根據(jù)短文后的要求答題。（注意問題后的字?jǐn)?shù)要求）
[1]Much meaning can be conveyed,clearly,with our eyes ,so it is often said that eye can speak,Do you have such kind of experience?In a bus you may look at a stianger,but not too long And if he is sensing that he is being stared at,he may feel uncomfortable.
[2]The same in daily life. If you are stared at for more than necessary,you will look at yourself up and down,to see if there is anything wrong with you.If nothing goes wrong,you will feel angry toward other's stare with you that way Eyes do speak,right?
[3]Looking too long at someone may seem to be rude and aggressive.But things are differnt when it comes to stare at the opposite sex.If a man glances at a woman for morethan 10 seconds and refuses to avoid his look,his intentions are obvious,that is,he wishes to attract her a ttention,to make hre understand that he is admiring her.
[4]However,the normal eye contact(接觸，交流）for two people in conversation is that the speaker will only look at the listener from time to time,in order to make sure that the listener is attentive and does pay attention to the speaker.
[5]If a speaker looks at you continuously when speaking,as if he tries to dominate you,you will feel uneasy.A poor liar usually expose himself by looking too long at the victim,since the believes in the false idea that to look straight in the eye is a sign of honest communication Quite the contrary.
[6]In fact,continuous eye contact is limited to lovers only,who will enjoy   
For a long time,to show affection that wrods cannot express.
[7]Evidently,eye contact should be done according to the relationship between two people and the specific situation.
小題1:What is the best title for the passage?(on more than 8 words)
                                                                         
小題2:Which sentence in the text is closest in meaning to the following one?
You nay feel uncomfortable when a speaker looks at you all the time while speaking,as if he tries to rule over you.
小題3:Fill in the blank in paragraph 6 with proprer words.(no more than 5 words)
小題4:What should you do to make a normal eye contact when speaking to the other?And why?(no more than 30 words)
小題5:Translate the underlined sentence in paragraph 2 into Chinese.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：完形填空

If you are worried about things and are under a lot of stress at work or school, then you are probably not sleeping well. Worry can keep you awake, tossing and turning in bed until the early hours of the morning when you eventually fall asleep. When you wake up, you don’t feel refreshed（精神振作）, but tired and worn out and unable to face a new day.
Dr. Henry Winkle, in a recent newspaper article entitled Stress and Sleep, indicates（暗示、表明） that                     . Dr. Winkle says, “The more we worry, the less we sleep, the more we are unable to deal with stress. If we can find a way to get a good night’s sleep,” he adds, “we can often find the energy to deal with what’s worrying us.”
So, what is a good night’s sleep? Research shows that the amount of sleep which people need in order to keep healthy varies a lot. Seven hours is about the average amount, though strangely enough, sleeping longer often gives you a headache instead of making you feel more refreshed.
Dr. Winkle believes that preparing for sleeping is important. People who work late should try to give themselves a short break and do something restful before going to bed. This could be watching TV or listening to music. Doing some exercise earlier in the day should help you to feel physically as well as mentally tired. A bedtime drink can also help, but coffee or tea should be avoided as they contain caffeine and will keep you awake. “When you put the light out,” Dr. Winkle says, “concentrate on relaxing your muscles, working slowly up from your feet, and you’ll be asleep before you know it.”
小題1:What is the best title of the passage? (Please answer within 10 words)   
________________________________________________________________________                                                                     
小題2:Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one?
People shouldn’t go to sleep immediately but should take a break after working late in the night.
_____________________________________________________________________
小題3:Please fill in the blank in the second paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence. (Please answer within 10 words)
___________________________________________________________________________                                                                  
小題4:Someone says that the longer you sleep, the better you feel. Try to find some arguments from the passage against the idea. (Please answer within 30 words)                                                
___________________________________________________________________________                                                                  
小題5:Translate the underlined sentence in the first paragraph into Chinese.   
                                                                       
 

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：完形填空

From bankers to factory staff, employees in the west face the bleak prospect of losing their jobs as a global recession starts to bite. For colleagues in the East the pain is more likely to come through a pay cut.
Human resource experts say cultural differences explain why Asian firms try harder to keep jobs in difficult times, which will stop unemployment and may help keep Asian economies afloat at a time of slowing exports.
The East Asian attitude may also make it easier for firms to recover quickly from the economic downturn since they will not need to rehire or train new staff, leaving some experts predicting Western shift to Eastern flexibility.
“In the Confucian attitude, the right thing to do is to share the burden. There is the sense of collective responsibility whereas in the west, it’s more about the individual survival,” said Michael Benotlel, associate professor of organizational behavior at Singapore Management University.
Steven Pang, Asian Regional director for Aquent, a headhunting firm, said in many East Asian companies there was an responsibility “ to take care of the members of the family and go through the pain together” even if that meant causing losses.
Us firms from General Motors to Goldman Sachs plan to lay off workers by the thousands. But at the Asian units of Western multinationals, jobs cuts will probably be less severe.
Japan’s jobless rate was 4 percent in September, up from 3.8 percent in January, while Hong Kong’s was flat at 3.4 percent. But US unemployment is expected to have jumped to 6.3 percent last month from below 5 percent in January.
Experts say that while there are noticeable differences in labor practices in East
and West, the gap will narrow as more firms become more multinational and competition forces firms to adopt the best practices of rivals from abroad.
小題1:According to the passage, what does “to share the burden” mean?
( less than 6 words)
____________________________________________________________________
小題2: Why would firms in the west lay off workers when facing a bleak prospect?
( no more than 5 words)
____________________________________________________________________
小題3:Why is it easier for the East Asian firms to recover quickly from the economic downturn? (no more than 12 words)
____________________________________________________________________
小題4:What’s the passage talking about? (no more than 15 words)
____________________________________________________________________

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：完形填空

Do you have a goal for life? What’s it? Do you want to become a writer, singer or just become a rich person?
A recent survey shows that in modern society, most people pick up practical goals, such as “earning money to buy a house and a car”, “to improve one’s life quality”, and “finding a good job”.
Wang Yu worked in a small company in Nanjing. The job was good and he didn’t have to work for extra hours. However, he felt the work was not exciting at all and the life was boring. So he gave up his job and went to Beijing in February, 2007. When he arrived in Beijing, he set his new goal as finding a good job.
Nowadays more and more people want to live a better life. This fact shows that the society is making progress and people’s life goals have become more practical. One researcher says, “Everybody has his / her own life goal, which will be surely different from people to people. If one is poor, one’s life goal will be to earn more money; if one doesn’t have a diploma, studying hard to get a diploma will become his life goal; and if one doesn’t have love, his life goal will be to look for it. But if one has no life goal, he will idle away (虛度) his lifetime.”
58. What was Wang Yu’s new goal when he arrived in Beijing? (回答詞數(shù)不超過5個)
____________________________________________________________________
59. What is a poor man’s life goal according to this passage? (回答詞數(shù)不超過4個)
____________________________________________________________________ 
60. What is the main idea of this passage? (回答詞數(shù)不超過8個)
____________________________________________________________________

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