Question

【題目】Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

Most people don’t need science to appreciate the importance of a mother’s love.

But to understand how early maltreatment can derail a child’s development requires careful study. In a famous research, Harry Harlow had demonstrated that proper psychological and physical development of infants requires nurturing and attention from a parent. 【1】 In that research, socially isolated monkey babies that were removed from their mothers were found to be clinging to a cloth-covered surrogate(替代的) mother for comfort.

Such experimentations sound cruel. They, however, have been critical in helping change policies in human orphanages( 孤兒院 ) in the U.S. For centuries some orphanages treated infants equally inhumanely. Despite early evidence that orphanage infants were far more likely to die than others, supporters argued that it didn’t matter whether children had “parents” specially devoted to them at the orphanage. 【2】 Orphans were supposed to be in positive mental and physical health until adoptive parents were found. Babies, they said, couldn’t remember anyway.

The harrowing consequences of these theories were most vividly brought to light in Romania in the 1980s and ‘90s. A ban on abortion（流產(chǎn) ) led to a surge in orphanage babies. Simply being fed and changed without individualized affection, some babies present serious problems. Many developed violent behaviors, repetitively rocking or banging their heads. Some were cold and withdrawn or indiscriminately affectionate. 【3】 Their head sizes were especially small.

They even had problems with attention and comprehension. The longer these children were left alone, the more damage was seen.

The lack of a secure attachment relationship in the early years has destructive consequences for both physical and mental health later in life, with long-lasting effects. The persistence of these effects emphasizes the need to intervene early in life. The Nobel-prize-winning economist James Heckman, has long argued that investing in early childhood education provides a greater return for society than virtually any other type of spending. It is obviously reflected in increased educational success and productivity,. The reduced crime, addiction, distress and disorder point to the same theory. Early life conditions critically affect adult life. 【4】 Remove it and the harm is great.

A. The appropriate feeding and caring styles were greatly rewarded in all aspects.

B. It was claimed that simply feeding and changing them would be adequate.

C. Some, however, demonstrate little influence with roughly ordinary behavior pattern.

D. Maternal attachment plays a fundamental role in shaping who we are.

E. Necessities are not just the availability of food and water.

F. And they simply didn’t grow like normal infants.

Answer 1

【答案】

【1】E

【2】B

【3】F

【4】D

【解析】

本文是一篇說明文，介紹了早期的母性依戀對(duì)我們成長(zhǎng)的重要性。

【1】空后說在在這項(xiàng)研究中，被孤立的猴子寶寶被從它們的媽媽身邊移開，為了尋求安慰，它們會(huì)依附在裹著的布替代媽媽身上，此處說對(duì)母親的依戀也是寶寶成長(zhǎng)過程中所必需的，故E項(xiàng)（必需的不僅僅是食物和水）符合語境。

【2】空前說盡管早期有證據(jù)表明孤兒院的嬰兒比別的孩子更容易死亡，但支持者認(rèn)為，兒童在孤兒院是否有專門為他們服務(wù)的“父母”并不重要，此處承接上文，講的還是他們的觀點(diǎn)，故B項(xiàng)（據(jù)稱，只要喂養(yǎng)和改變他們就足夠了）符合語境。

【3】空后說他們的頭特別小，因此此處是說孤兒院里的孩子和正常的孩子在成長(zhǎng)發(fā)面的區(qū)別，故F項(xiàng)（他們根本就不像正常的嬰兒那樣成長(zhǎng)）符合語境。

【4】上文說早年缺乏安全的依戀關(guān)系，對(duì)日后的身心健康都會(huì)產(chǎn)生破壞性的后果，并產(chǎn)生長(zhǎng)期的影響，此處總結(jié)上文，講的是早期的母性依戀對(duì)我們成長(zhǎng)的重要性，故D項(xiàng)（母性依戀在塑造我們是誰的過程中起著至關(guān)重要的作用）符合語境。