Dogs can know the meaning of a human perspective, say researchers.
Dogs are more capable of understanding situations from a human's point of view than has previously been recognized, according to researchers.
They found dogs were four times more likely to steal food they had been forbidden, when lights were turned off so humans in the room could not see.
This suggested the dogs were able to alter their behavior when they knew their owners' perspective had changed.
The study, published in Animal Cognition, conducted tests on eighty-four dogs.
The experiments had been trying to find whether dogs could make their behavior suitable to react to the changed circumstances of their human owners. It wanted to see if dogs had a "flexible understanding" that could show they understood the viewpoint of a human.
It found that when the lights were turned off, dogs in a room with their human owners were much more likely to disobey and steal forbidden food.
The study says it is "unlikely that the dogs simply forgot that the human was in the room" when there was no light. Instead it seems as though the dogs were able to differentiate between when the human was unable or able to see them.
Juliane Kaminski carried out the research into how dogs are influenced by human circumstances.
Dr Juliane Kaminski, from the University of Portsmouth's psychology department, said the study was "incredible because it implies dogs understand the human can't see them, meaning they might understand the human perspective".
Previous studies have suggested that although humans might think that they can recognize different expressions on their dogs' faces, this is often inaccurate and a projection of human emotions.
“Humans constantly attribute(歸屬) certain qualities and emotions to other living things. We know that our own dog is clever or sensitive, but that's us thinking, not them,” said Dr Kaminski.
“These results suggest humans might be right, where dogs are concerned, but we still can't be completely sure if the results mean dogs have a truly flexible understanding of the mind and others' minds. It has always been assumed only humans had this ability.
【小題1】According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A.The researchers made the test on dogs in eighty-four countries. |
B.Dogs always obey and don’t steal forbidden food. |
C.Dogs may adapt their behavior in response to the changed circumstances. |
D.The research is carried out to find out how dogs are influenced by light. |
A.Dogs---Our Loyal Companions Understand Us Most. |
B.Dogs Are Our Best Friends. |
C.Dogs Can Understand Us In a Way, Researchers Say. |
D.Dogs Have Certain Qualities and Emotions of Human Beings, Researchers Say. |
A.Textbooks. | B.Advertisements. | C.Instructions. | D.Magazines. |
A.a(chǎn)n argumentative writing | B.a(chǎn) feature story |
C.a(chǎn) dog show review | D.a(chǎn) research result |
【小題1】C
【小題2】C
【小題3】D
【小題4】D
解析試題分析:這篇文章是一項(xiàng)調(diào)查結(jié)果:通過(guò)多年的研究,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)狗能夠理解人的看法,可以調(diào)整它們的行為來(lái)適應(yīng)改變的環(huán)境。
【小題1】細(xì)節(jié)題:從第二段的句子:Dogs are more capable of understanding situations from a human's point of view than has previously been recognized, according to researchers. 可知狗能夠調(diào)整它們的行為來(lái)適應(yīng)改變的環(huán)境,選C
【小題2】標(biāo)題題:從第一段的句子:Dogs can know the meaning of a human perspective, say researchers. 可知研究人員說(shuō),狗能夠理解人的看法,所以. Dogs Can Understand Us In a Way, Researchers Say是最好的標(biāo)題。選C
【小題3】文章出處題:這是一項(xiàng)最新的調(diào)查研究,應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在時(shí)效性很強(qiáng)的雜志上,不是理論的課本,也不是廣告,更不是說(shuō)明書(shū),選D
【小題4】文章多處提到resaech/researcher還有最后一句話(huà):“These results suggest humans might be right,可知這是一項(xiàng)調(diào)查結(jié)果。選D
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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 題型:閱讀理解
Culture helps human societies survive in changing natural environment.For example, the end of the last Ice Age, beginning about 15,000 years ago, brought a big challenge to which humans had to adapt.Before this time, large parts of the northern hemisphere were covered in great sheets of ice that contained much of the earth' s water.In North America, large animals that wandered the vast tundra (冰原) provided people with food and materials for clothing and simple shelters.When the earth became warm, large Ice Age animals disappeared, and many land areas were covered by rising sea levels from melting ice.But people survived, they developed new technologies and learned how to survive on new plant and animal species. Finally some people settled into permanent villages, durable houses and farms.
Cultural adaptation has made humans one of the most successful species on the planet. Through history, major developments in technology, medicine, and nutrition have allowed people to reproduce and survive in ever-increasing numbers.The global population has risen from 8 million during the Ice Age to about 6 billion today.
However, the successes of culture adaptation can also create problems in the long run.Over the last 200 years, people have begun to use large quantities of natural resources and energy and to produce a great amount of material and chemical wastes.The global population now consumes some important natural resources—such as petroleum, wood, and minerals—faster than nature can produce them.Many scientists believe that in the process of burning fuels and producing wastes, people may be changing the global climate in unpredictable and possibly harmful ways.Thus, the adaptive success of the present-day global culture of production and trade may be temporary.
【小題1】What is the first paragraph mainly talking about?
A.How the human beings survived in the Ice Age. |
B.What the situation was like during the Ice Age. |
C.What caused the Ice Age to come to an end. |
D.Why the Ice Age was very important. |
A.stop developing any longer |
B.reduce the overuse of natural resources |
C.stop the global warming and using natural resources |
D.save more animals in case they all die out |
A.A very developed culture came into being. |
B.New technologies have been developed. |
C.Natural resources have been used up. |
D.Human activities have done damage to the balance of nature. |
A.Natural Environment Should Be Protected. |
B.The Success of Cultural Adaptation Is Not Permanent. |
C.The Global Population Is Increasing Since Ice Age. |
D.Human Beings Are Capable of Surviving on Earth. |
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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 題型:閱讀理解
With the popularity of 3D movies over the past several years , there was no doubt that the technology would make its way into our homes, The question is: Is it really a technology that is going to stay with us , thus deserving an upgrade(升級(jí)) at this time?
Many families have recently bought a new TV set, and the idea of changing it just to take advantage of a technology in its infancy(初期)will put many people off the idea. Then there are the additional costs that come along with a 3Dset from needing to get a Blu-ray player that can process the signal to purchasing enough glasses for the entire family to be able to watch a program at the same time.
Another issue is that the glasses are expensive as well as complicated, and have also been known to cause headaches, none of which makes for a pleasant experience.
While manufacturers are working towards glasses-free technology, it just isn’t here yet, and it could be several years before it is commercially successful. That is one of main things that will keep 3D completely in the “fashion” zone for the time being . If the television manufacturers are willing to hold onto the idea until glasses-free choices are available—and they can reach a higher installed(安裝)user base—this might very well catch on. Everyone needs to remember, however, that these are businesses, and they are in it to make money. If 3D isn’t selling at the rate they are comfortable with, then they will dump it and move on to the next thing.
Many homes are filled with products that didn’t catch on rapidly and companies ended up leaving them with no support. Do you have an HD DVD player? Remember how the MiniDisc was supposed to replace the CD? For now, it’s easy to see how 3D televisions could join this list of technologies.
There is one upside to the 3D television problem: They have beautiful 2D images. Even if 3D goes away, you still have a great –looking screen and beautiful images. If you are in the market for a new TV and you can afford to drop the couple extra hundred dollars to buy one, you can view it as guaranteeing your purchase in case the technology proves to be effective.
【小題1】We know from the text that 3D TV .
A.is easy to operate |
B.has been fully developed |
C.has many products attached to it |
D.has already replaced normal TV sets |
A.3D is fashionable and expensive. |
B.It’s hard for 3D to be commercially successful. |
C.Television manufacturers’ only purpose is to make money. |
D.It’s impossible to create glasses-free technology at the moment. |
A.they are not necessary |
B.they are bound to be replaced |
C.3D TV might not be here to stay |
D.3D technology needs improving |
A.solution | B.exception | C.character | D.benefit |
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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 題型:閱讀理解
If a diver surfaces too quickly, he may suffer the bends. Nitrogen (氮) dissolved (溶解) in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure. The consequence, if the bubbles (氣泡) accumulate in a joint, is sharp pain and a bent body—thus the name. If the bubbles form in his lungs or
his brain, the consequence can be death.
Other air-breathing animals also suffer this decompression (減壓) sickness if they surface too fast: whales, for example. And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs (魚(yú)龍). That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones. If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply. This kills the cells in the bone, and consequently weakens it, sometimes to the point of collapse. Fossil (化石) bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends.
Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past. What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years. To this end, he and his colleagues traveled the world’s natural-history museums, looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression. Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite. More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died, but not a single Triassic specimen (標(biāo)本) showed evidence of that sort of injury.
If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means, they clearly did so quickly—and, most strangely, they lost it afterwards. But that is not what Dr Rothschild thinks happened. He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change.
Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (捕食動(dòng)物) such as a large shark. One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles, both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark- and crocodile-free. In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, they were prey (獵物) as well as predator—and often had to make a speedy exit as a result.
【小題1】Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends?
A.A twisted body. | B.A gradual decrease in blood supply. |
C.A sudden release of nitrogen in blood. | D.A drop in blood pressure. |
A.how often ichthyosaurs caught the bends |
B.how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompression |
C.why ichthyosaurs bent their bodies |
D.when ichthyosaurs broke their bones |
A.confirmed his assumption | B.speeded up his research process |
C.disagreed with his assumption | D.changed his research objectives |
A.failed to evolve an anti-decompression means |
B.gradually developed measures against the bends |
C.died out because of large sharks and crocodiles |
D.evolved an anti-decompression means but soon lost it |
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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 題型:閱讀理解
While only about 200 astronauts have had the excitement of looking down at Earth and commanding systems on the International Space Station, actually thousands of everyday middleschool students have experienced by Middle School Students, or EarthKAM, a camera system.
EarthKAM is an educational activity and outreach(擴(kuò)展)investigation that also results in remote Earth sensing and observation. Using the Internet, the students control a special digital camera fixed aboard the space station, enabling them to photograph the Earth's coastlines, mountain ranges and other geographic items of interest from the unique advantage point of space.
While EarthKAM offers a powerful way for students to investigate Earth from the unique perspective of space, it is also inspiring the next generation of flight controllers for space programs—involving university students to control and operate the camera system and related activities from the ground.
In the interview, Brion Au, one of the investigation developers at NASA's Johnson Space Centre, said,“EarthKAM is a payload(有效載荷)by students, for students. They are in charge. This system provides a viewpoint that the astronauts have...it's just aweinspiring!”So far, students have captured more than 40,000 photos of the Earth from the space station as it orbited the Earth once every 90 minutes, traveling at 17,500 miles an hour. The team at EarthKAM posts these photographs online for the public and participating classrooms around the world to view.
Au explains that this education investigation is inspiring students to explore the world by examining Earth, while promoting social studies, art, geography, science, technology, and math, among other important lessons involving research and teamwork. EarthKAM was started by Dr. Sally Ride, originally flying on the shuttles. The camera is located in the window Observational Research Facility, also known as the WORF, one of many the station's research facilities.
【小題1】How have thousands of students experienced similar excitement as astronauts?
A.In the space station. | B.In the spaceship. |
C.Using a camera system. | D.Teaming up with astronauts. |
A.Computer. | B.Recorder. | C.Telephone. | D.Radios. |
A.University students' controlling the camera system. |
B.University students' operating the camera system. |
C.University students' related activities from the ground. |
D.University students' investigating Earth from space. |
A.The astronauts. | B.The students. |
C.The investigation developers. | D.The teachers. |
A.DR.Sally Ride explains the details of EarthKAM |
B.Why the team at EarthKAM posts these photographs online. |
C.EarthKAM provides a viewpoint that the astronauts have. |
D.Brion Au explains the details of EarthKAM. |
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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 題型:閱讀理解
Electrical devices(儀器)could soon use power make by human energy, Scientists say they have developed an experimental device that produces electricity from the physical movement of a person walking , British scientist Max Donelan and other scientists in Canada and the United States developed the device.
The device connects to a person’s knee, As the person walks, the device captures energy each time the person slows down, To do this ,the device helps with the slowing sown movement of the leg, The movements of the walking person push parts of a small machine that produces electricity, Using the device, an adult walking quickly could produce thirteen watts of electricity in just a minute, Donelan says walking at that speed could produce enough power to operate a laptop computer for six minutes.
There are several possible uses for the device ,Developers say it could help people who work in areas without electricity to operate small computers, The deice could also be used in hospitals to operate heart pacemakers(起博器),It could even be used to assist in the movement of robotic arms and legs.
The experimental version of the device weighs about one and a half kilograms, but it is too costly for most people to buy, But the researchers hope to make a lighter, less costly version.An improved version should be ready in one year.
The developers hope the device will one day help developing countries, Nearly twenty five percent of people around the world live without electric power.
A similar product was invented in 2005 by Larry Rome of the University of Pennsylvania,He created a bag carried on a person’s back that also produces power from walking, The knee device does not produce as much electricity as the bag ,But the bag requires the walker to carry a load of twenty to thirty kilograms.
【小題1】The second paragraph mainly talks about .
A.who developed the device |
B.how the device works |
C.several possible uses for the devices |
D.how much electricity the device can produce |
A.It is too heavy for the walker to bear |
B.It is too complex for people to use |
C.It is too expensive for most people to afford |
D.It will slow down one’s walking speed. |
A.produces power without adding more loads to the walker |
B.can produce more power in a much shorter time |
C.needs to be equipped with a battery |
D.can help the walker walk faster |
A.help housewives operate the washing machine |
B.make it much easier for us to go online |
C.produce more electricity than that invented by Larry Rome |
D.be applied in medicine to operate heart pacemakers |
A.First device powered by walking will soon be on the market |
B.Advanced technology brings in a new way to operate heart pacemakers |
C.Device gives new meaning to the idea of power walking |
D.Human energy will become a main source of electricity |
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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 題型:閱讀理解
The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. With the coming of new technologies like computers and smartphones, writing by hand has become something of nostalgic(懷舊的)skill. However, while today’s educators are using more and more technology in their teaching,many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful-----both in school and in life.
Virginia Berninger, professor of educational psychology at the University of Washington, says it’s important to continue teaching handwriting and help children acquire the skill of writing by hand.
Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks----both on a computer and by hand. The study, published in 2009, found that when writing with a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a faster word production rate.
In a more recent study, Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a student’s writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to how well they can write. “Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.” Berninger said.
Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe (轉(zhuǎn)換) “those words in the mind written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen,” the study said. Seeing the words in the “mind’s eye” helps children not only to turn their ideas into words, says Berninger, but also to spot(發(fā)現(xiàn)) spelling mistakes when they write the words down and to correct them over time.
“In our computer age, some people believe that we don’t have to teach spelling because we have spell checks,” she said. “But until a child has a functional spelling ability of about a fifth grade level, they won’t have the knowledge to choose the correct spelling among the options given by the computer.”
【小題1】What makes writing by hand a thing of the past?
A.Theabsenceofblackboardsinclassrooms. |
B.Theuseofnewtechnologiesinteaching. |
C.Thelackofpracticeinhandwriting. |
D.Thepopularuseofsmartphones. |
A.focusedonthedifferencebetweenwritingbyhandandonacomputer. |
B.indicatedthatstudentsprefertowritewithapenandpaper. |
C.foundthatgoodessaysaremadeupoflongsentences. |
D.discussedtheimportanceofwritingspeed. |
A.Spellingimprovesone’smemoryofwords. |
B.Spellingabilityiscloselyrelatedtowritingability. |
C.Spellingbenefitsthetranslationfromwordsintoideas. |
D.Spellingslowsdownfindingexactwordstoexpressideas. |
A. Window. | B.Soul | C.Picture. | D.Imagination. |
A.Computerscanhelppeoplewiththeirchoiceofwords. |
B.Spellcheckscantaketheplaceofspellingteaching. |
C.Handwritingstillhasaplaceintoday’sclassrooms. |
D.Functionalspellingabilitydevelopsfastinthefifthgrade. |
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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 題型:閱讀理解
Research suggests that a newly-identified gene known as insomniacs(失眠癥患者) may play a role in keeping us asleep. By cloning and testing this gene in about 21,000 fruit flies, Rockefeller University researchers say they have discovered an entirely new mechanism (機(jī)制) by which sleep is controlled.
By studying these flies, the researchers discovered that mutations(變異) in the insomniac gene were associated with a great reduction in sleep. While a typical fruit fly slept for an average of 927 minutes a day, the mutant flies slept for just 317. They also slept for shorter periods of time, and slept and woke more frequently.
“The results showed a great loss of both the time that the flies’ sleep lasted and their ability to remain asleep after they slept,” says researcher Nicholas Stavropoulos.
The researchers also examined the link between sleep and lifespan, finding that flies with mutations to the insomniac gene lived only about two-thirds as long as unchanged flies. But when the scientists removed insomniac only in neurons(神經(jīng)細(xì)胞)---allowing it to remain in the rest of the flies’ bodies---this difference disappeared; the resulting animals slept poorly but lived just as long.
“This suggests that reduced sleep can be ‘uncoupled’(分開(kāi)) from reduced lifespan, supporting the idea that some interruptions of sleep do not affect overall health, at least as far as lifespan is concerned,” Stavropoulos says.
Although flies and humans would appear to have little in common when it comes to lifestyle, scientists say that the mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness are likely to be quite similar.
“Sleep is a fundamental behavior in all animals, and it is poorly understood from a scientific standpoint, says Stavropoulos. This work could prove useful in understanding and treating sleep disorders”
【小題1】The text is mainly about____.
A.the progress in cloning fruit flies |
B.the methods of cloning fruit flies |
C.the link between gene and lifespan |
D.the influence of a gene on the ability to sleep |
A.slept about 5 hours a day |
B.had problems waking up |
C.didn’t seem sleepy at all |
D.could not fall asleep |
A.sleep and health go hand in hand |
B.sleep can be controlled by humans |
C.research into sleep is very fruitful |
D.the findings are useful in medical treatment |
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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 題型:閱讀理解
Riding a London subway, a person from other countries will notice one major difference: in London, people do not look at each other.In fact, eye contact is avoided at all times. That’s not rudeness ― people are just too busy to bother looking.
Busy doing what, you ask? Well, they’re certainly not using the time for a moment of quiet thinking.Nor are they reading a book.New technology has replaced quiet habits.Today the only acceptable form of book on the London underground is an e-book.
Apple must earn a fortune from London commuters(使用月票上下班者). Since the launch of the iPhone in 2007, over 40, 000 ― yes, 40, 000 “apps” have been designed.
Commuters love them because they are the perfect time - fillers. One “app”, called iShoot, is a game that features tanks.Another one, Tube Exits, tells passengers where to sit on the train to be closest to the exit of their destination. iSteam clouds the iPhone screen when you breathe into the microphone. You can then write in the “steam” on your phone screen.
For those without an iPhone, another Apple product, the iPod, may be the distraction (消遣) of choice. It’s not just teenagers who “plug in” to their music - iPods are a popular way to pass the time for all ages.
And if games, e-books and music aren’t enough to keep you occupied, then perhaps you would prefer a film? The development of palm DVD technology means many commuters watch their favorite TV shows or films on the way to work.With all these distractions, it’s amazing that people still remember to get off the train.
【小題1】Those who want to save time to reach where they go can download ________ to their iPhones
A.iShoot | B.Tube Exits | C.iSteam | D.iPod |
A.they are going to work and have no time to communicate with each other |
B.they love reading books and do not want to be disturbed |
C.they feel sleepy because of getting up early |
D.they’re busy playing games, reading e-books, listening to music or watching films |
A.computers |
B.programs downloaded for the iPhone |
C.computer companies |
D.fortune from London commuters |
A.London commuters are unfriendly to strangers |
B.Apple has earned a lot of money from selling 40, 000 apps |
C.technology is changing how London commuters spend their traveling time |
D.riding a London subway is a must when visiting London |
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