Dogs can know the meaning of a human perspective, say researchers.
Dogs are more capable of understanding situations from a human's point of view than has previously been recognized, according to researchers.
They found dogs were four times more likely to steal food they had been forbidden, when lights were turned off so humans in the room could not see.
This suggested the dogs were able to alter their behavior when they knew their owners' perspective had changed.
The study, published in Animal Cognition, conducted tests on eighty-four dogs.
The experiments had been trying to find whether dogs could make their behavior suitable to react to the changed circumstances of their human owners. It wanted to see if dogs had a "flexible understanding" that could show they understood the viewpoint of a human.
It found that when the lights were turned off, dogs in a room with their human owners were much more likely to disobey and steal forbidden food.
The study says it is "unlikely that the dogs simply forgot that the human was in the room" when there was no light. Instead it seems as though the dogs were able to differentiate between when the human was unable or able to see them.
Juliane Kaminski carried out the research into how dogs are influenced by human circumstances.
Dr Juliane Kaminski, from the University of Portsmouth's psychology department, said the study was "incredible because it implies dogs understand the human can't see them, meaning they might understand the human perspective".
Previous studies have suggested that although humans might think that they can recognize different expressions on their dogs' faces, this is often inaccurate and a projection of human emotions.
“Humans constantly attribute(歸屬) certain qualities and emotions to other living things. We know that our own dog is clever or sensitive, but that's us thinking, not them,” said Dr Kaminski.
“These results suggest humans might be right, where dogs are concerned, but we still can't be completely sure if the results mean dogs have a truly flexible understanding of the mind and others' minds. It has always been assumed only humans had this ability.
【小題1】According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

A.The researchers made the test on dogs in eighty-four countries.
B.Dogs always obey and don’t steal forbidden food.
C.Dogs may adapt their behavior in response to the changed circumstances.
D.The research is carried out to find out how dogs are influenced by light.
【小題2】Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage?
A.Dogs---Our Loyal Companions Understand Us Most.
B.Dogs Are Our Best Friends.
C.Dogs Can Understand Us In a Way, Researchers Say.
D.Dogs Have Certain Qualities and Emotions of Human Beings, Researchers Say.
【小題3】Where can we probably read this kind of articles?
A.Textbooks.B.Advertisements.C.Instructions.D.Magazines.
【小題4】This passage can be classified as     .
A.a(chǎn)n argumentative writingB.a(chǎn) feature story
C.a(chǎn) dog show reviewD.a(chǎn) research result


【小題1】C
【小題2】C
【小題3】D
【小題4】D

解析試題分析:這篇文章是一項(xiàng)調(diào)查結(jié)果:通過(guò)多年的研究,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)狗能夠理解人的看法,可以調(diào)整它們的行為來(lái)適應(yīng)改變的環(huán)境。
【小題1】細(xì)節(jié)題:從第二段的句子:Dogs are more capable of understanding situations from a human's point of view than has previously been recognized, according to researchers. 可知狗能夠調(diào)整它們的行為來(lái)適應(yīng)改變的環(huán)境,選C
【小題2】標(biāo)題題:從第一段的句子:Dogs can know the meaning of a human perspective, say researchers. 可知研究人員說(shuō),狗能夠理解人的看法,所以. Dogs Can Understand Us In a Way, Researchers Say是最好的標(biāo)題。選C
【小題3】文章出處題:這是一項(xiàng)最新的調(diào)查研究,應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在時(shí)效性很強(qiáng)的雜志上,不是理論的課本,也不是廣告,更不是說(shuō)明書(shū),選D
【小題4】文章多處提到resaech/researcher還有最后一句話(huà):“These results suggest humans might be right,可知這是一項(xiàng)調(diào)查結(jié)果。選D
考點(diǎn):考查調(diào)查報(bào)告類(lèi)短文

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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 題型:閱讀理解

Culture helps human societies survive in changing natural environment.For example, the end of the last Ice Age, beginning about 15,000 years ago, brought a big challenge to which humans had to adapt.Before this time, large parts of the northern hemisphere were covered in great sheets of ice that contained much of the earth' s water.In North America, large animals that wandered the vast tundra (冰原) provided people with food and materials for clothing and simple shelters.When the earth became warm, large Ice Age animals disappeared, and many land areas were covered by rising sea levels from melting ice.But people survived, they developed new technologies and learned how to survive on new plant and animal species. Finally some people settled into permanent villages, durable houses and farms.
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【小題1】What is the first paragraph mainly talking about?

A.How the human beings survived in the Ice Age.
B.What the situation was like during the Ice Age.
C.What caused the Ice Age to come to an end.
D.Why the Ice Age was very important.
【小題2】To deal with the problems, human beings should ______according to the passage.
A.stop developing any longer
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D.save more animals in case they all die out
【小題3】Which of the following is the problem caused by cultural adaptation according to the passage?
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【小題4】Which of the following can be the best tide of the passage?
A.Natural Environment Should Be Protected.
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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 題型:閱讀理解

With the popularity of 3D movies over the past several years , there was no doubt that the technology would make its way into our homes, The question is: Is it really a technology that is going to stay with us , thus deserving an upgrade(升級(jí)) at this time?
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【小題4】The underlined word “upside” in the last paragraph probably means    .
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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 題型:閱讀理解



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【小題1】Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends?

A.A twisted body. B.A gradual decrease in blood supply.
C.A sudden release of nitrogen in blood. D.A drop in blood pressure.
【小題2】The purpose of Rothschild’s study is to see _______.
A.how often ichthyosaurs caught the bends
B.how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompression
C.why ichthyosaurs bent their bodies
D.when ichthyosaurs broke their bones
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A.confirmed his assumption B.speeded up his research process
C.disagreed with his assumption D.changed his research objectives
【小題4】Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs _______.
A.failed to evolve an anti-decompression means
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A.In the space station. B.In the spaceship.
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【小題2】What equipment should the students need for the research?
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【小題3】What doesn't belong to the next generation of flight controllers for space programs?
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C.University students' related activities from the ground.
D.University students' investigating Earth from space.
【小題4】Who are responsible for EarthKAM?
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C.The investigation developers. D.The teachers.
【小題5】What's the main idea of the last paragraph?
A.DR.Sally Ride explains the details of EarthKAM
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【小題1】The second paragraph mainly talks about       .

A.who developed the device
B.how the device works
C.several possible uses for the devices
D.how much electricity the device can produce
【小題2】What is the disadvantage of the experimental version of the device?
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【小題3】Compared with the device designed by Larry Rome ,this new device       .
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【小題4】From the passage, we can learn that the electrical device can       .
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D.be applied in medicine to operate heart pacemakers
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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 題型:閱讀理解

The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. With the coming of new technologies like computers and smartphones, writing by hand has become something of nostalgic(懷舊的)skill. However, while today’s educators are using more and more technology in their teaching,many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful-----both in school and in life.
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In a more recent study, Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a student’s writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to how well they can write. “Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.” Berninger said.
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“In our computer age, some people believe that we don’t have to teach spelling because we have spell checks,” she said. “But until a child has a functional spelling ability of about a fifth grade level, they won’t have the knowledge to choose the correct spelling among the options given by the computer.”
【小題1】What makes writing by hand a thing of the past? 

A.Theabsenceofblackboardsinclassrooms.
B.Theuseofnewtechnologiesinteaching.
C.Thelackofpracticeinhandwriting.
D.Thepopularuseofsmartphones.
【小題2】Berninger’s study published in 2009 ___________. 
A.focusedonthedifferencebetweenwritingbyhandandonacomputer.
B.indicatedthatstudentsprefertowritewithapenandpaper.
C.foundthatgoodessaysaremadeupoflongsentences.
D.discussedtheimportanceofwritingspeed.
【小題3】Which of the following best shows the role of spelling? 
A.Spellingimprovesone’smemoryofwords.
B.Spellingabilityiscloselyrelatedtowritingability.
C.Spellingbenefitsthetranslationfromwordsintoideas.
D.Spellingslowsdownfindingexactwordstoexpressideas.
【小題4】What does “mind’s eye” in paragraph 5 mean? 
A. Window. B.Soul C.Picture. D.Imagination.
【小題5】What conclusion could be drawn from the passage 
A.Computerscanhelppeoplewiththeirchoiceofwords.
B.Spellcheckscantaketheplaceofspellingteaching.
C.Handwritingstillhasaplaceintoday’sclassrooms.
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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 題型:閱讀理解

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“The results showed a great loss of both the time that the flies’ sleep lasted and their ability to remain asleep after they slept,” says researcher Nicholas Stavropoulos.
The researchers also examined the link between sleep and lifespan, finding that flies with mutations to the insomniac gene lived only about two-thirds as long as unchanged flies. But when the scientists removed insomniac only in neurons(神經(jīng)細(xì)胞)---allowing it to remain in the rest of the flies’ bodies---this difference disappeared; the resulting animals slept poorly but lived just as long.
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Although flies and humans would appear to have little in common when it comes to lifestyle, scientists say that the mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness are likely to be quite similar.
“Sleep is a fundamental behavior in all animals, and it is poorly understood from a scientific standpoint, says Stavropoulos. This work could prove useful in understanding and treating sleep disorders”
【小題1】The text is mainly about____.

A.the progress in cloning fruit flies
B.the methods of cloning fruit flies
C.the link between gene and lifespan
D.the influence of a gene on the ability to sleep
【小題2】According to paragraph2, the mutant flies________.
A.slept about 5 hours a day
B.had problems waking up
C.didn’t seem sleepy at all
D.could not fall asleep
【小題3】We can conclude from the text that________.
A.sleep and health go hand in hand
B.sleep can be controlled by humans
C.research into sleep is very fruitful
D.the findings are useful in medical treatment

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科目:高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源: 題型:閱讀理解

Riding a London subway, a person from other countries will notice one major difference: in London, people do not look at each other.In fact, eye contact is avoided at all times. That’s not rudeness ― people are just too busy to bother looking.
  Busy doing what, you ask? Well, they’re certainly not using the time for a moment of quiet thinking.Nor are they reading a book.New technology has replaced quiet habits.Today the only acceptable form of book on the London underground is an e-book.
  Apple must earn a fortune from London commuters(使用月票上下班者). Since the launch of the iPhone in 2007, over 40, 000 ― yes, 40, 000 “apps” have been designed.
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  And if games, e-books and music aren’t enough to keep you occupied, then perhaps you would prefer a film? The development of palm DVD technology means many commuters watch their favorite TV shows or films on the way to work.With all these distractions, it’s amazing that people still remember to get off the train.
【小題1】Those who want to save time to reach where they go can download ________ to their iPhones

A.iShoot B.Tube Exits C.iSteam D.iPod 
【小題2】People in London do not make eye contact on the subway because ________.
A.they are going to work and have no time to communicate with each other 
B.they love reading books and do not want to be disturbed 
C.they feel sleepy because of getting up early 
D.they’re busy playing games, reading e-books, listening to music or watching films 
【小題3】The underlined word “apps” in the third paragraph means ________.
A.computers 
B.programs downloaded for the iPhone 
C.computer companies 
D.fortune from London commuters 
【小題4】The main idea of the passage is that ________.
A.London commuters are unfriendly to strangers 
B.Apple has earned a lot of money from selling 40, 000 apps 
C.technology is changing how London commuters spend their traveling time 
D.riding a London subway is a must when visiting London 

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