A board game is a game played on a pre-marked surface or “board” according to a set of rules. Board games have been played in most cultures and societies throughout history. Do you think of yourself as a bit of an expert at board games like chess or Go?
Maybe you’re not quite as good as you think. New research from the University of Manchester and Oxford suggests complex games like these are impossible to learn fully. They may even be too complex for the human mind to understand.
Researchers studied two-player games, to try and understand the strategies which people use to make decisions during the game. Some games with two players are simple, with only a small number of possible moves. Players can quickly work out the best strategy but that means the game soon becomes boring.
It gets more interesting when there are many possible moves. That’s why people are so fascinated by complex board games like chess or Go, or some card games. But what the researchers found was that with difficult games, players find it hard to work out the best strategy and their actions become less reasonable.
This research is part of the field called game theory: the study of human strategic decision-making. Much thinking on how people play complex games is based on something called “the balance point”, which is when players have a perfect knowledge of what they are going to do and of what their rivals are going to do.
When you add more than two players then of course the game becomes even harder to understand. Trading on the stock market is an example of a complex multi-player game.
小題1:Which of the following games belongs to board games?
A．footballB．badmintonC．swimmingD．Mahjong
小題2:It can be inferred in the passage that _______.
A．the simpler the board game is, the better it is
B．people dislike board games for the complex moves
C．players are easy to lose patience when in difficult games
D．it’s possible for people to understand complex games thoroughly
小題3:If players want to get to the balance point, they should ______.
A．a(chǎn)sk other players to work out the best strategy
B．have a good knowledge of the games they are playing
C．figure out the next actions of themselves and their opponents
D．come to a quick decision about what to do next by themselves
小題4:In which section can we read this passage in a newspaper?
A．CultureB．DiscoveryC．CareerD．Campus
小題5:The author intends to tell us ___________.
A．a(chǎn) new research about board games
B．the importance of playing board games
C．how the players win board games
D．how to learn board games fully

小題1:D
小題2:C
小題3:C
小題4:B
小題5:A

試題分析：文章可知是一個(gè)關(guān)于棋類比賽的新的研究，太容易的棋類游戲容易讓人厭煩，太難的游戲容易讓人失去耐心。
小題1:細(xì)節(jié)題：從文章第一段的句子：A board game is a game played on a pre-marked surface or “board” according to a set of rules.可知麻將是一種board game，選D
小題2:推理題：從文章第四段的句子：But what the researchers found was that with difficult games, players find it hard to work out the best strategy and their actions become less reasonable.可知在困難的游戲中，人們很容易失去耐心，選C
小題3:細(xì)節(jié)題：從文章第五段的句子：which is when players have a perfect knowledge of what they are going to do and of what their rivals are going to do.可知如果玩的人想找到平衡點(diǎn)，他們要弄明白自己和對(duì)手的下一步的行動(dòng)，選C
小題4:文章出處題：從文章可知是一個(gè)關(guān)于棋類比賽的新的研究，所以在報(bào)紙的“發(fā)現(xiàn)”版面，選B
小題5:寫作意圖題：從文章第二段的句子：Maybe you’re not quite as good as you think. New research from the University of Manchester and Oxford suggests complex games like these are impossible to learn fully.可知作者想要告訴讀者的一個(gè)關(guān)于棋類游戲的新的研究，選A
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Pessimistic，anxious and depressed people may have a higher risk of dementia (癡呆)，US researchers reported on Thursday.
A study of a group of 3,500 people showed that those who scored high for pessimism on a standardized personality test had a 30 percent increased risk of developing dementia 30 to 40 years later.
Those scoring very high on both anxiety and pessimism scales had a 40 percent higher risk，the study showed.
“There appears to be a dose­response pattern.That is，the higher the scores，the higher the risk of dementia，”Dr Yonas Geda，a neuropsychiatrist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester，Minnesota who led the study，said in a statement.
Geda and his colleagues looked at the medical records of 3,500 men and women who lived near the clinic between 1962 and 1965.
They all took the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory，a standard personality and life experience test，Geda’s team told a meeting of the American Academy of Neurology in Miami.
In 2004，the team interviewed the participants or family members.
Those who scored higher for anxiety and pessimism on the test were more likely，as a group，to have developed dementia by 2004，including Alzheimer’s disease and vascular (血管的) dementia.
This did not mean a person who is pessimistic could assume he or she has a higher risk of developing dementia.
“One has to be cautious in interpreting a study like this，”Geda said.
“One cannot make a leap from group level data to the individual.Certainly the last thing you want to do is to say，‘Well，I am a pessimist；thus，I am doomed to develop dementia 20 or 30 years later，’because this may end up becoming a self­fulfilling prophecy (預(yù)言)．”
And there is NOT any specific way to prevent dementia，although many studies have shown that a healthy diet，exercise，keeping active in other ways，doing puzzles and other activities lower the risk.
小題1:What is the passage mainly about?
A．It is impossible for people to avoid dementia.
B．People who always have negative feelings may have a higher risk of getting dementia.
C．If we have a healthy diet，we would have no chance of getting dementia.
D．A person who is pessimistic has a higher risk of developing dementia.
小題2:According to the passage，which of the following is TRUE?
A．There are many ways to prevent dementia effectively.
B．A person who is pessimistic is sure to get dementia.
C．Those who lead a happy life will not get dementia when they are old.
D．Those who scored high for pessimism might have a higher risk of dementia.
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A．A healthy diet.B．Proper exercises.
C．Doing puzzles.D．Getting up early.
小題4:Which of the following words is not close to the meaning of the word “pessimistic”？
A．Cheerless.B．Optimistic.
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

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小題4:What does the last paragraph tell us?
A．How much pressure the air creates.
B．How the car works.
C．What the normal air pressure is.
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Going to college and living away from home for the first time can be terribie．Students tend to have higher academic achievements in college when they enjoy living in the dormitory．Most colleges and universities have many programs that help first-year students adjust to studying and living in a new community．Take advantage of these programs and make new friends as you adjust to your college life．
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A．Advice on how to adjust to college life．
B．Things that can be done in a dormitory．
C．Places to live in when going to a college．
D．Ways of making friends with roommates．
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C．Share your hobbies.D．Adjust to college life．
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B．Respect them and their space．
C．Use their belongings secretly．
D．Know about their living habits．
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Is the ‘Go to College’ Message Overdone?
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C．Differing from.D．Learning from.
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C．Students with certain skills are in great demand.
D．Canadian students prefer to major in engineering.
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A．too much stress has been put on the value of college degrees
B．technical training is more important than college education
C．a(chǎn) college degree will ensure promising employment
D．it’s easier for art students to find favorite jobs

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：完形填空

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小題1:
A．a(chǎn)dolescenceB．a(chǎn)dulthoodC．childhoodD．infancy
小題2:
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小題9:
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小題10:
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

What’s the greenest place in America? If you answered something like the warm sunlight of Santa Barbara, you’d be wrong. The greenest place in America has almost no sign of nature— the buildings outnumber the trees— and the air isn’t all that great. What it has is density(密度)and efficiency— the twin qualities that finally define green in the global warming time. Applying those standards，the greenest place in America is New York City— particularly，the overcrowded，overpriced island of Manhattan, which produces 30％ less per-capita(人均)greenhouse gas than that of the nation．
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What’s true of New York City is more or less true of other American urban areas, which explains why a growing part of the environmental movement now focuses on greening cities, hoping to attract more Americans back downtown. There’s an effort to make cities more sustainable(可持續(xù)的)，by improving public transport，reducing air pollution and upgrading energy efficiency. But even more important, it is quite urgent to change decades of government policies that have been in favor of the suburbs，with disastrous consequences for energy，the environment and the climate.
That’s exactly the difficult point. For all the high efficiency and convenience and richness of living in a city，there are disadvantages too．New York，for example，has some of the highest childhood asthma(哮喘)rates in the U.S.
So it’s welcome news that New York has continued to push its P1aNYC scheme, a long-term program to make the city greener and more sustainable over the next decades. Recently it announced an update to the plan that includes phasing out heavy heating oils in New York City apartment buildings by 2030，to be replaced with cleaner natural gas.
小題1:Manhattan is considered as the greenest place in America because of its__________
A．buildings and treesB．density and efficiency
C．sunlight and natureD．transport and population
小題2:We can infer from the passage that___________.
A．New Yorkers have urged the city government to carry out green policies
B．the public transport and living space are quite satisfactory in New York
C．life in the countryside is more comfortable and energy efficient than that in cities
D．the significance of making cities greener is gained in promoting energy efficiency
小題3:The underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refers to___________.
A．New York cityB．PlaNYC scheme
C．ManhattanD．Santa Barbara
小題4:The underlined part “phasing out” in the last paragraph probably means___________.
A．rapidly promoting dealing with
B．widely suggesting researching on
C．gradually stopping using
D．immediately forbidding producing
小題5:What would be the best title for the passage?
A．Manhattan the Greenest Place in America?
B．The Higher Density，the Greener City?
C．PlaNYC Scheme：New York City’s Future
D．Living in Cities Does Good to the Environment

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

To many students, high school is just a basic routine. You go to class in the morning, take a break for lunch and go home in the afternoon.
This isn't quite that simple for pupils at Royal West Academy. As if classes and homework weren’t already enough, students are also required to complete a range of extracurricular activities, or ECAs.
The range of ECAs being offered at the school is various, including everything from guitar and jewelry-making clubs, fund-raising marches, to student committees, swimming and tennis.
“I love ECAs. I’m so happy we have them,” said grade 11 student Adrienne, who is a soccer player and member of the graduation committee. “They motivate the students, and they’re a great bonding experience. I think that without them, not half as many students would be joining up for the soccer team.”
Requiring students to complete ECAs is a sign of the times. That’s because young people are preparing for the future in ways that weren’t considered necessary before. This is an era when ECAs are seen as important. Whether it’s for leadership experience, sports, craft skills or volunteer these things are seen as rounding out the individual and improving their future.
ECAs can also help students discover their likes and dislikes. But as the old song says, you can’t always get what you want, especially when so many students are all trying to sign up for the most popular activities.
ECAs can cut into study and homework time if you’re not careful. You really have to get organized or you’ll fall apart.
小題1:The students at Royal West Academy may do the following ECAs except ______.
A．to play musical instruments
B．to raise money for an organization
C．to attend sports events
D．to have classes discussions
小題2:From what Adirienne said, we know that _______.
A．most of his classmates are interested in football
B．one can make many new friends in ECAs
C．students get encouraged to join in ECAs
D．half of his classmates are unwilling to join in ECAs.
小題3:Why are ECAs important now?
A．They prepare the students for their future.
B．They can make students get what they want.
C．they can help students find their strong points.
D．They can reduce students’ learning time.
小題4:From the last paragraph, we can infer that _______.
A．ECAs can increase your burden of learning
B．you may fall down when playing in ECAs
C．too many ECAs may leave you in trouble
D．you need to organize other students in ECAs

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Each new school year brings fresh reminders of what educators call the summer learning gap. Some call it the summer learning setback（退步）. Simply speaking, it means the longer kids are out of school, the more they forget. The only thing they might gain is weight.
Most American schools follow a traditional nine-month calendar. Students get winter and spring breaks and about ten weeks of summer vacation. Some schools follow a year-round calendar. They hold classes for about eight weeks at a time, with a few weeks off in between. The National Association for Year-Round Education says there were fewer than three thousand such schools at last count. They were spread among forty-six of the fifty states.
But many experts point out that the number of class days in a year-round school is generally the same as in a traditional school. Lead researcher Paul von Hippel said, “Year-round schools don't really solve the problem of the summer learning setback. They simply spread it out across the year.”
Across the country, research shows that students from poor families fall farther behind over the summer than other students. Experts say this can be prevented. They note that many schools and local governments offer programs that can help.
But calling them “summer school” could be a problem. The director of the summer learning center at Johns Hopkins, Ron Fairchild, said research with groups of different parents in Chicago and Baltimore found that almost all strongly disliked the term “summer school”. In American culture, the idea of summer vacation is connected to beliefs about freedom and the joys of childhood. The parents welcomed other terms like “summer camp”, “enrichment”, “extra time” and “hands-on learning”.
小題1:According to the first paragraph the summer learning gap          .
A．helps children to gain weight
B．leads children to work harder
C．improves children’s memories
D．a(chǎn)ffects children’s regular studies
小題2:Compared to traditional schools, students in the year-round ones           .
A．perform better and have more learning gains
B．have much less time for relaxation every year
C．have generally the same number of class days
D．hold more classes with more free weeks off
小題3:Which of the following statements is true?
A．Students from poor families often fall behind after the vacation.
B．Year-round schools can solve the problem of the learning gap.
C．There are schools in each state following a year-round calendar.
D．Nothing can help the students who fall behind after the vacation.
小題4:Why did almost all parents dislike the term “summer school”?
A．They cherish the children’s rights of freedom very much.
B．They are worried about the quality of the “summer school”.
C．They want their children to be forced to make up the gap.
D．They can’t afford the further study during vacation.
小題5:What would be the best title of this passage?
A．Opening Summer Camps
B．Forbidding Summer Schools
C．Spreading Year-Round Education
D．Minding the Summer Learning Gap

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