Personality types are linked with structural differences in the brain, which could explain why one
child grows up to be impulsive (沖動(dòng)的) and outgoing while another becomes diligent and introspective. 
        Structural differences between the brains of 85 people have been measured and linked with the
four main categories of personality types, which were classified as“novelty seeking”， characterized
by impulsive actions; “harm avoidance”， marked by pessimism and shyness; “reward dependence”，
with an addictive personality; and “persistence”， who are people tending to be diligent, hardworking
and perfectionists. 
        The researchers said the brain differences are structural and can be measured in the size of specific
regions of the brain that appear to be linked with each of the four personality types. For instance, people
defined as noveltyseeking personalities had a structurally bigger area in the brain while people with
harmavoidance personalities had significantly smaller volumes of tissue in brain regions.
        The fact that characteristics are reflected in specific structural differences is useful to know, for
instance, when it comes to understanding a child's behavior and choosing the right approach so that
somebody who is, for example, particularly timid, might be helped through education and development. 
        There is no point shouting at a child who is very shy and telling them off, because it does not come
naturally to them to put themselves forward. But actually knowing there is a biological basis for this
helps educators or parents to use the right approach to help a child to compensate. 
        People who have a rewarddependence personality could, for example, be helped at an early age
because they are at risk of turning to drink, drugs or food if they do not get the family support and
encouragement they need. 
        “This study shows that personality characteristics are something you are born with, but their full
expression can be adjusted during development with the right approach.” said Professor Venneri, who
carried out the study with colleagues from the University of Parma in Italy and Washington University
in St Louis. 
        If you know it's not something you do but something you are, you can change the environment
to reduce the risk. Knowing that someone has such a predisposition (體質(zhì))could help them adopt
preventive strategies and avoid situations where they might seek rewards which could be potentially
harmful.

1．Which type of person may turn out to be drugabusers?
A. “Novelty seeking”.
B. “Reward dependence”．
C. “Harm avoidance”.
D. “Persistence”．

2．Which of the following is true about shy people?
A. They are often shouted at and scolded.
B. They can naturally put themselves forward.
C. They structurally have a smaller brain region.
D. They are too timid to be educated and helped.

3．What's the main idea of the passage?
A. People have chances to change their personality types.
B. Scientists have identified four different personality types.
C. Structural differences in the brain have effects on education.
D. Personality types are related to structural differences in the brain.

4．The author writes the passage to________.
A. present a fact
B. argue a claim
C. support a research
D. introduce an approach

        While small may be beautiful, tall is just plain uncomfortable it seems, particularly when it comes to
staying in hotels and eating in restaurants.
        The Tall Persons Club Great Britain (TPCGB), which was formed six months ago to campaign(發(fā)起運(yùn)動(dòng)) for the needs of the tall, has turned its attention to hotels and restaurants.Beds that are too small，
shower heads that are too low, and restaurant tables with hardly any legroom all make life difficult for those of above average height, it says.
        But it is not just the extratall whose needs are not being met.The average height of the population
has been increasing yet the standard size of beds, doorways, and chairs has remained unchanged.
        “The bedding industry says a bed should be six inches larger than the person using it, so even a
kingsize bed at 6′6?′′(6 feet and 6 inches) is falling short for 25% of men while the standard 6′3′′ bed caters for(滿足需要) less than half of the male(男性) population.” said TPCGB president Phil Heinricy，
“Sevenfoot beds would work fine.” 
        Similarly, restaurant tables can cause no end of problems.Small tables, which mean the longlegged
have to sit a foot or so away from them, are enough to make tall customers go elsewhere.
        Some have already taken note, however.At Queens Moat Houses' Caledonian Hotel in Edinburgh,
6′6′′ beds are now put in as standard after requests for longer beds from taller visitors，particularly
Americans.

1．What is the purpose of the TPCGB campaign?
A．To provide better services.
B．To rebuild hotels and restaurants.
C．To draw public attention to the needs of the tall.
D．To attract more people to become its members.

2．Which of the following might be a bed of proper length according to Phil Heinricy?
A．7′2′′. 
B．7′.
C．6′6′′. 
D．6′3′′.

3．What may happen to restaurants with small tables?
A．They may lose some customers.
B．They may start businesses elsewhere.
C．They have to find easy chairs to match the tables.
D．They have to provide enough space for the longlegged.

4．What change has already been made in a hotel in Edinburgh?
A．Tall people pay more for larger beds.
B．6′6′′ beds have taken the place of 6′3′′ beds.
C．Special rooms are kept for Americans.
D．Guest rooms are standardized.

     Driving a car is not just handling controls and judging speed and distance.It requires you to predict
what other road users will do and get ready to react to something unexpected.When alcohol is consumed, itenters your bloodstream and acts as a depressant (抑制藥), damaging eyesight, judgement and
coordination (協(xié)調(diào)), slowing down reaction time and greatly increasing the risk of accidents.Even below
the drink driving limit, driving will be affected.
      Alcohol may take a few minutes to be absorbed into the bloodstream and start action on the brain.
Absorption rate is increased when drinking on an empty stomach or when consuming drinks mixed with
fruit juice.To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up
with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.
      The present Road Traffic Ordinance states clearly that the limit of alcohol concentration is:
      ●50 milligrams of alcohol per 100ml of blood; or
      ●22 micrograms of alcohol per 100ml of breath; or
      ●67 milligrams of alcohol per 100ml of urine(尿液).
      Drivers who cause traffic accidents, or who commit a moving traffic offence or are being suspected of drink driving will be tested.
       Any driver found drinking beyond the limit will be charged.The driver declared guilty may be fined a
maximum of HK $25,000 and be sentenced to up to 3 years in prison and punished for 10 drivingoffence points; or temporarily banned from driving.
      The same punishment applies to failing to provide specimens (樣本) for breath, blood or urine tests
without good excuse.
      Drink driving is a criminal offence.Be a responsible driver, think before you drink.For the safety of yourself and other road users, never drive after consuming alcohol.

1. The first paragraph is mainly about________.

A. the introduction of driving skills
B. the damage of drinking to your body
C. the effect of drinking on driving
D. the process of alcohol being absorbed

2. The underlined word "it" in the second paragraph refers to "________".

A. alcohol  
B. absorption
C. blood  
D. process

3. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? 

A. Drinking below the drink driving limit has no effect on driving.
B. Alcohol is taken in more quickly when drunk with fruit juice.
C. Having a cup of tea helps to get rid of alcohol from the body.
D. 50 milligrams of alcohol per 100ml of breath is below the drink driving limit.

4. A driver suspected of drink driving ________.

A. should provide specimens for testing
B. will be forbidden to drive for 3 years
C. will be punished for 10 drivingoffence points
D. should pay a maximum fine of HK $25,000

     NOT all memories are sweet. Some people spend all their lives trying to forget bad experiences.
Violence and traffic accidents can leave people with terrible physical and emotional scars. Often they
relive these experiences in nightmares.
     Now American researchers think they are close to developing a pill, which will help people forget bad memories. The pill is designed to be taken immediately after a frightening experience. They hope it might
reduce, or possibly erase(抹去), the effect of painful memories.
     In November, experts tested a drug on people in the US and France. The drug stops the body
releasing chemicals that fix memories in the brain. So far the research has suggested that only the emotional effects of memories may be reduced, not that the memories are erased.
     The research has caused a great deal of argument. Some think it is a bad idea, while others support it.
     Supporters say it could lead to pills that prevent or treat soldiers' troubling memories after war. They
say that there are many people who suffer from terrible memories.
     "Some memories can ruin people's lives. They come back to you when you don't want to have them in a daydream or nightmare. They usually come with very painful emotions," said Roger Pitman, a professor
of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. "This could relieve a lot of that suffering."
     But those who are against the research say that changing memories is very dangerous because
memories give us our identity(特質(zhì)).They also help us all avoid the mistakes of the past.
     "All of us can think of bad events in our lives that were horrible at the time but make us who we are, I'm not sure we want to wipe those memories out," said Rebecca Dresser, a medical ethicist.

1.  The passage is mainly about _____________.

A. a new medical invention          
B. a new research on the pill
C. a way of erasing painful memories  
D. an argument about the research on the pill

2.  The drug tested on people can ______________.

A. cause the brain to fix memories  
B. stop people remembering bad experiences
C. prevent body producing certain chemicals  
D. erase the emotional effects of memories

3.  We can infer from the passage that ____________.

A. people doubt the effects of the pills
B. the pill will stop people's bad experiences
C. taking the pill will do harm to people's health
D. the pill has probably been produced in America

4.  Which of the following does Rebecca Dresser agree with?

A. Some memories can ruin people's lives
B. People want to get rid of bad memories
C. Experiencing bad events makes us different from others
D. The pill will reduce people's sufferings from bad memories

        Over the summer, 18－years－old Roberto Mancera of Chandler wasn't looking forward to dances,
football games or even his last year in high school.He was more excited about building a robot that will
compete in the sixth annual FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC)Arizona Regional.
        FIRST stands for For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology, a nonprofit
organization that believes the heroes of today's youth should be engineers, not sports or pop stars.They
aim to change the culture by hosting athleticlike competitions for robots，with cheering fans, mascots (吉祥物) and music.
        Mancera and a team of about 14 of his schoolmates will compete this year against 44 other high
school teams from all over Arizona，California and New Mexico at the Arizona Veterans Memorial
Coliseum in Phoenix.Finalists will move on to the FRC 2009 Championship in Atlanta to face teams from
48 states and seven other countries.
         For the 40 regional events worldwide, a similar“ kit (工具包) of parts” is given to each of the 1,680
teams from around the globe every January.The robot functions are different every year, and after a 
sixweek building season, robots are boxed up and shipped off to the competition's destination.
        The competition has a minimum  $6,000 entrance fee, and students are sponsored and mentored by
adult professionals and experts，like computer science teacher Sam Alexander, 39, at Chandler High.“I
try to give the kids the challenge and they try to figure it out，” he said.“They work through the entire
scientific method without me giving them the answers.”
        FIRST students are also eligible(有資格的)to apply for $9.7 million in college scholarships,
something that Alexander's students have taken advantage of.
        “You learn skills that your average student isn't learning.” Mancera said.“It's really amazing, and I've
been able to meet a lot of interesting people.” Mancera said that he found himself when he joined the
robot ics team.He now has set a career goal and has learned valuable leadership skills.

1．The goal of FIRST is to________．

A．help students have a rich summer
B．choose heroes for today's youth
C．develop the interest of young people in sports
D．create a culture of valuing technology

2．Each robot made for the competition is________．

A．designed for a different function
B．decorated similarly
C．a(chǎn) teammade product
D．a(chǎn) copy of famous robots

3．Which of the following words has the similar meaning to the underlined word“mentored” in Para.5?

A．Guided．              
B．Controlled．
C．Judged．                 
D．Replaced

4．What's the influence of FIRST on Roberto Mancera?

A．He has been awarded a college scholarship．
B．He has become the hero for his classmates．
C．It has helped him to decide his future career．
D．It has allowed him to make a lot of friends with the same interest．

1. The study suggests that when someone is in a bad mood,he ________.

A. is particular about everything
B. shows less concern about others
C. is willing to believe what he hears
D. cares more about his surroundings

2. Which of the following is connected with positive mood?

A. New ideas.  
B. Being stubborn.
C. Being careful.  
D. Concentration.

3. How did researcher put the subjects in good or bad moods?

A. By watching sports programs.
B. By listening to happy or sad stories.
C. By dealing with demanding situations.
D. By thinking back on their past experience

4. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?

A. Positive mood contributes to better judgement.
B. Sad people remembered what they saw precisely.
C. Cheerful people were less likely to believe rumors.
D. People in bad mood tend to make quick decisions.

5. The author intends to convice us that  ________.

A. Joseph Forgas made a great discovery
B. bad moods can actually be good for us
C. we should think positively and negatively
D. the Australian study is of practical value

6. 用30詞左右概括文章大意
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

     After moving to the United States, immigrant groups trying to fit in tend to choose high calorie fatty
foods in an attempt to appear more American, a new study finds. That's one reason why immigrants  
approach US levels of obesity within 15 years of moving to America.
     The researchers also did an experiment that measured whether or not the threat  of appearing un－
American influenced respondents'  food choices.  After being  questioned about their ability to speak
English, 75 percent of Asian－Americans  identified a typical American food as their favourite.  Only 25
percent of  Asian－Americans who had not been asked if they spoke English did the same.
     When their American identity was called into question during a follow－up study,  Asian－American
participants also tended to choose typical American dishes, such as  hamburgers and cheese sandwiches. In that experiment, 55 Asian－Americans were asked  to choose a meal from a local Asian or American
restaurant. Some participants were  told that only Americans could participate in the study. Those who  
chose the more  typical American fare ended up consuming an extra 182 calories, including 12 grams  of
fat and 7 grams of saturated fat (飽和脂肪)．
     "People who feel like they need to prove they belong to a culture will change  their habits in an attempt
to fit in."said Sauna Cheryan, an author of the study  and assistant professor of psychology at the
University of Washington."If  immigrants and their children choose unhealthy American foods over
healthier  traditional foods across their lives, this process of fitting in could lead to poorer  health." Cheryan added.
     Social pressures, the study concluded, are at the heart of the problem. "In  American society today,
being American is associated with being white. Americans,  who don't fit this image even if they were
born here and speak English, feel that  pressure to prove that they're American. " said Cheryan.

1. The author wants to show that ______.                                      
A. more and more Asians enjoy high－calorie snacks                            
B. immigrants tend to eat American junk food to fit in                        
C. most Americans are at the risk of heart disease                            
D. all the American people have a bad eating habit                            
2. According to the survey,______.                                            
A. Asian－Americans care less about their health                              
B. 25 percent of Americans like junk food                                      
C. choosing food is related to Asian－Americans' situation                    
D. immigrants are forced to eat junk food                                      
3. The underlined word"fare"in Paragraph 4 most probably means"________"．
A. food offered as a meal                                                      
B. a person taking a taxi                                                      
C. money spent on food                                                        
D. an arranged thing to do                                                    
4. According to Sauna Cheryan,________.                                      
A. what immigrants have done is ridiculous.                                    
B. American traditional foods are healthier                                    
C. immigrants risk their health in order to fit in                            
D. American culture affects immigrants deeply                                  

      It's true that quite a few most respected scientific  authorities have confirmed that the world is
becoming hotter and hotter. There's also strong evidence that humans are contributing to the warming.
Countless recent reports have proved the same thing. For instance, a 2010 summary about the climate
science by the Royal Society noted that:"The global warming over the last half－century has been caused mainly by human activity."
      You may not believe that humans could change the planet's climate, but the basic science is well
understood. Each year, billions of tons of greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere because of
human activity. As has been known for years, these gaseshold heat that would otherwise escape to space, wrapping the planet in an invisible(看不見(jiàn)的) blanket.
       Of course, the earth's climate has always been changing due to "natural" factors such as volcanic
eruption (熔化) or changes in solar, or cycles concerning the Earth's going around the sun. According to
the scientific research, however, the warming observed by now matches the pattern of warming we would expect from a build－up of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere－not the warming we would expect from
other possible causes.
       Even if scientists did discover another reasonable explanation for the warming recorded so far, that
would give birth to a difficult question. As Robert Henson puts it: "If some newly discovered factor is to
blame for the climate change, then why aren't carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases producing
the warming that basic physics tells us they should be?"
     The only way to prove with 100% certainty that humans are responsible for global warming would be
to run an experiment with two identical Earths－one with human influence and one without. That obviously isn't possible, and so most scientists are careful not to state human influence as an absolute certainty.

1. In most scientists' opinion, the global warming is mainly caused by________.

A. solar activity
B. volcanic activity
C. natural factors
D. human factors

2. The text is developed by________.

A. giving typical examples
B. following the order of space
C. analyzing a theory and arguing it
D. comparing and finding differences

3. The underline word "identical" in the last paragraph probably means________.

A. totally different
B. exactly the same
C. extremely important
D. partly independent

4. Which of the following can be the best title?

A. Are All the Scientists Really Scientific?
B. Where Is Global Warming Leading Us to?
C. Are Humans Definitely Causing Global Warming?
D. What's Relation of Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases?