山東省曲阜師大附中2009屆高三高考模擬

理科數(shù)學

本試卷分第I卷（選擇題）和第Ⅱ卷（非選擇）兩部分，第I卷1至2頁，第Ⅱ卷3至4頁。滿分150分。考試用時120分鐘�？荚嚱Y(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。

第I卷（共60分）

注意事項：

1．答第I卷前，考生務(wù)必用0.5毫米黑色簽字筆將姓名、座號、準考證號填寫在答題卡和試卷規(guī)定的位置。

2．第I卷共2頁。答題時，考生須用2B鉛筆把答題卡上對應(yīng)題目的答案標號涂黑，如需改動，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案。在試卷上作答無效。

參考公式：

球的體積公式：，其中是球的半徑。

錐體的體積公式：，其中S是錐體的底面積。h是錐體的高。

試題詳情

2008年鞍山市畢業(yè)生學業(yè)考試

化  學  模  擬  試  題

（供五四制考生使用）

題號

一

二

三

四

五

總分

得分

※考試時間60分鐘，滿分80分。

可能用到的相對原子質(zhì)量：H－1   C－12   N－14   O－16   Fe－56

得分

評卷人

試題詳情

岳陽市一中2009屆高三第三次質(zhì)量檢測

語文試卷

時量:150分鐘       分值:150分     命題人：蔣世平

第Ⅰ卷（共36分）

試題詳情

陜西師大附中2008-2009學年度第二學期期中考試

高一年級英語試題

命題人：秦曉敏   審題人：張偉

第I卷（共70分）

I．聽力（每題1分，共10分）

第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1分，滿分5分）

1. What can we learn from the conversation？

A. The woman is a close friend of the man．

B. The woman is tired of her work．

C. The woman is seeing a doctor.

2. What is the woman’s opinion？

A. She doesn’t enjoy the drive very much．

B. It’s years since she drove anywhere for pleasure．

C. She doesn’t agree with the drive．

3. What does the woman mean?

A. She has forgotten to phone the man．

B. She doesn’t like to call the man．

C. She is too busy to ring the man．

4. What has the man bought？

A. Shirt

B. Sweater

C. Skirt

5. What is the man doing?

A. Buying a ship ticket for next week．

B. Buying a Hamburger for his breakfast．

C. Buying a newspaper.

第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1分，滿分5分）

聽第6段材料，回答第6至7題。

6. When must the boys get on the coach？

A. 1：30

B. 12：50

C. 2：30

7. Where will the boys meet？

A. At the school park.

B. At the gym.

C. At the school car park

聽第7段材料，回答第8至10題。

8. What does the man want to buy？

A. A cap.

B. A cup

C. A cat.

9. What is the price？

A. 125 yuan.

B. 255 yuan.

C. 225 yuan.

10. What size should the man take？

A. Size 58．

B. We don’t know.

C. Size 59

II．單項選擇（每題1分，共15分）

11. She ______ have left school, for her bike is still here.

A. wouldn’t

B. needn’t

C. can’t

D. shouldn’t

12. -What do you think of the grammar book?  

-Oh, it really is _____ useful reference book, which is worth reading ____ second time.

A. a, a

B. an, the

C. an, a

D．the, the

13. It’s getting dark. We’d better _______ in a hotel for the night.

A. set up

B. set out

C. settle down

D. settle up

14．The last time we had great fun was _____ we were visiting the Water Park.

A. where

B. how

C. when

  D. why

15. Why not get some work experience first______ go straight on to university?

A. other than

B. rather than

C. more than 

D. less than

16. According to the air traffic rules, you ___ switch off your mobile phone before boarding（登機）.

A. may   

B. can

C. would

D. should

17. -Your mother becomes more and more forgetful.

   -Yes. She searched for her cell phone for a whole day last Sunday but it ______ in her coat pocket the next day.

A. turned out

B. turned on

C. turned over

D. turned up

18. He could see the tall chimneys of the factory _________.

A. from distance

B. in distance

C. in the distance

C. to distance

19. He apologized ________ late.

A. to his teacher to arrive

B. to his teacher for arriving

C. at his teacher to arrive 

C. at his teacher for arriving

20. When asked _____ they needed most, the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved.

A. what

B. why

C. whom

D. which

21. ― Anything new in the new regulations?  

― They will be ______ to us all.

A. of great benefit

B. do harms

C. do many good

D. for the benefit

22. She made a promise _______ she would help when I was in trouble.

A. when

B. which

C. that

D. what

23. Although this ____ sound like a simple task, great care is needed.

A. must

B. may

C. shall

D. should

24. _____ is known to us all is that the 2012 Olympic Games will take place in London.

A. It

B. What

C. As

D. Which

25. He wanted the girl he was looking forward ____ __  stay with him.

A. for; to

B. to; with

C. to; to

D. with; to

III．完形填空（每題1分，共15分）

Scientists have always wanted to know more about the other worlds in space. They have looked at them   26   the telescope and   in this way they have found out   27  . They know, for example, many facts about the moon.

The moon is about 384,000 kilometers   28  the earth. A plane can not fly to the moon because there isn’t enough air. But a rocket can fly even when there is no air.

 “How does a rocket fly?” If you want to know, get a balloon and  then blow it up   29  it is quite big. Do not   30  the neck of the balloon. Let it go  31  and see   32  happens. The balloon will fly off through the air very quickly. The air inside the balloon   33  out. It rushes out through the neck balloon and this pushes the balloon through the air. It does not need wings  34  .

This is   35   a rocket   36  . It is not made of rubber like a balloon, of course. It is made of metal. The metal   37  not be heavy   38   it must be very strong. A gas is put inside the rocket. When the gas is hot enough, it rushes out of the open end of the rocket, and pushes it into the air.

Rockets can fly far out into space. Rockets with men inside them have already   39  the moon . Someday rockets may be able to go   40  in space .

26.A. through

B. towards

C. across

D. into

27.A. a lot of

B. lots of

C. a great deal of

D. a great deal

28.A. away far

B. away from

C. far from

D. far to

29.A. when

B. while

C. until

D. as

30.A. tie up

B. take up

C. put up

D. hold up

31.A. carefully

B. slowly

C. suddenly

D. quickly

32.A. that

B. what

C. which

D. whether

33.A. try to get

B. trying to get

C. tried to get

D. tries to get

34.A. to fly

B. flying

C. its own

D. of it

35.A. what

B. how

C. which

D. where

36.A. runs

B. goes

C. works

D. flies

37.A. shall

B. may

C. can

D. must

38.A. but

B. and

C. so

D. therefore

39.A. got

B. arrived

C. reached to

D. reached

40.A. anywhere

B. everywhere

C. somewhere

D. nowhere

IV.閱讀理解（每題2分，共30分）

A

Our eating habits are very important for good health and a strong body. There are times when most of us would rather eat sweets and ice-cream than meat and rice. Sweets and ice-cream are not bad if we eat them at the end of a meal. If we eat them before a meal, they may take away our appetite(食欲). It is important for us to eat our meals at the same time each day. When we feel hungry, it is a sign that our body needs food. When we feel angry or excited, we may not want to eat. A long time ago, in England, some judges used to decide whether a man was telling the truth by giving him some dry bread. If the man could not eat the bread, it showed that he was telling lies. Although this seems very strange and rather foolish, it is indeed a very good way of finding out the fact. A man who is worrying about something has difficulty in eating anything dry. Because he is worrying, he loses his appetite and does not want to eat.

41. It is good to eat sweets and ice-cream ____.

A. when we are hungry .

B. when we want to

C. after the meal 

D. before the meal

42. We'd better have our meals ____.

A. at the same time each day

B. when our work is over

C. when the meal is still hot

D. when every one of the family is home

43. According to the judges in England, if a man tells a lie, he____.

A. eats dry bread easily

B. eats dry bread with difficulty

C. eats a lot of dry bread

D. drinks milk with difficulty

B

People in the United States honor their parents with two special days：Mother’s Day, on the second Sunday in May，and Father’s Day, on the third Sunday in June. These days are set aside to show love and respect for parents. They raise their children and educate them to be responsible citizens. They give love and care. These two days make us think about the changing roles of mothers and fathers. More mothers now work outside the home. More fathers must help with child care.

These two special days are celebrated in many different ways. On Mother’s Day people wear carnations. A red one symbolizes a living mother. A white one shows that the mother is dead. Many people attend religious services to honor parents. It is also a day when people whose parents are dead visit the cemetery(墓地). On these days families get together at home, as well as in restaurants. They often have outdoor barbecues for Father’s Day. These are days of fun and good feelings and memories.

Another tradition is to give cards and gifts. Children make them in school. Many people make their own presents. These are valued more than the ones bought in stores. It is not the value of the gift that is important, but it is “the thought that counts”. Greeting card stores, florists, candy makers, bakeries, telephone companies, and other stores do a lot of business during these holidays.

44. Which of the following is NOT a reason for children to show love and respect for parents?

A. Parents bring up children.

B. Parents give love and care to children.

C. Parents educate children to be good persons.

D. Parents pass away before children grow up.

45．What do you think “florists” do?

A．They sell flowers.

B．They make and sell bread.

C．They offer enough room for having family parties.

D．They sell special gifts for Mother’s Day and Father’s Day.

46．What do you know from the passage?

A. Mother’s Day and Father’s Day are both in May.

B. Fewer women worked outside the home in the past.

C. Not all the children respect their parents.

D. Fathers are not as important as mothers at home.

47．On Mother’s Day and Father’s Day,__________.

A. people usually have family parties

B. everyone goes to visit the cemetery

C. children always go to parents’ home

D. hand-made cards are the most valuable gifts

C

If you go into the forest with friends, stay with them． If you don’t, you may get lost． If you get lost, this is what you should do． Sit down and stay where you are． Don’t try to find your friends―let them find you. You can help them find you by staying in one place．There is another way to help your friends or other people to find you．You can shout or whistle three times．Stop．Then shout or whistle three times again．Any signal given three times is a call for help．  

Keep up shouting or whistling. Always three times together． When people hear you, they will know that you are not just making a noise for fun． They will let you know that they have heard your signal． They will give you two shouts or two whistles． When a signal is given twice, it is an answer to a call for help. If you don’t think that you will get help before night comes, try to make a little house with branches. Make yourself a bed with leaves and grass．  

When you need some water, you have to leave your little branch house to look for it. Don’t just walk away．Pick off small branches and drop them as you walk in order to go back again easily. When you are lost, the most important thing to do is to stay in one place．

48．If you get lost in the forest, you should___________．

A．try to find your friends   

B．stay in one place and give signals

C．walk around the forest 

D．shout as loudly as possible

49．When you hear two shouts or two whistles, you know that________．

A．someone is afraid of an animal 

B．people will come to help you 

C．someone needs help 

D．something terrible will happen

50．What’s the meaning of the underlined sentence? 

A．Leave branches to find your way back．

B．Pick off branches to build another house．

C．Use branches to make a bed． 

D．Drop branches to look for water．

51．The main idea of the passage is__________．

A．how to travel in the forest

B．how to spend the night in the forest

C．what you should do if you want to get some water

D．what you should do if you are lost in the forest

D

How much paper do you use every year? Maybe you can’t answer this question quickly. In 1900 the world’s use of paper was about one kilogram for each person in a year. Now some countries use 50 kilograms of paper for each person in a year. But countries like America, England and Sweden certainly use more paper than other countries.

   Paper was first made in China about 2000 years ago. It was made from the hair-like parts of certain plants. Paper was not made in southern Europe until about the year 1100. In 1500, a German named Schaeffer found out that one could make the best paper from trees. After that the forest countries of Canada, Sweden, America, and Finland became the most important ones in paper making.

   When we think of paper, we think of newspapers, books and writing paper. But there are many other uses. Only half of the paper is used for books and things like that. Paper is very good for keeping you warm. Houses are often insulated(使絕緣, 隔離 ) with paper. You may see some men asleep on a large number of newspapers. They’re insulating themselves from the cold. In Finland the temperature is sometimes -40 centigrade (C). The farmers wear paper boots in the snow. Nothing could be warmer.

   Each year more and more things are made of paper. We have had paper cups and plates for a long time. But now we hear that chairs, tables and even beds can be made of paper. With paper boots and shoes, you can wear paper hats, paper dresses and paper raincoats. When you have used them away and buy new ones. People have made paper boats, but they haven’t made paper planes or cars. Just wait they perhaps will.

52. ______ use more paper than other countries.

A. Sweden

B. America

C. England

D. A, B and C

53. When was paper first made in southern Europe?

A. 2000 years ago

B. In 1100

C. In 1500

D. In 1900

54. Why do farmers in Finland wear paper boots in the snow?

A．Because they are so poor that they can buy only paper boots.

B．Because there are no other kinds of boots there.

C．Because paper boots are warmer than anything else there.

D．Because paper boots are so nice that they don’t like other kinds.

55. What should the best title of passage be?

A．Paper and Its Uses

B．Paper and Its History

C．Paper Was First Made in China

D．How Much Paper Is Used in A Year

陜西師大附中2008-2009學年度第二學期期中考試

高一年級英語試題

第II卷（共30分）

I .單詞拼寫（每題1分，共10分）

1.       He was very __________(暴躁的)when he got drunk

2.       I’ll tell him the news on his _________   (到達)

3.       The patient is __________(稍微) better today.

4.  Go __________(向東)to the end of the street and you will find the

book.

5.  In some countries, people eat too much fat and sugar. They should

eat a _____      （平衡的）diet to keep healthy.

6.  The sunrise is a beautiful ___________(景象)

7.  We are not _______(允許) to swim in the river. It’s too dangerous.

8.  The professor has brought in a good ________   (系統(tǒng)) of

teaching languages from abroad.

9.  Now we still don’t know whether life __________（存在） on Mars.

10．The house was _______     （圍繞）by high walls

II語法填空（每小題1分，滿分10分）

閱讀下面短文，按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語法性和上下文連貫的要求，在空格處填入一個適當?shù)脑~或使用括號中詞語的正確形式填空，并將答案填寫在題目后標號為1l-20的相應(yīng)位置上。

One day, Henry Adam, an American businessman, sailed out of the bay. ___11___ (luck), he was carried out to sea by a strong wind. Just when hope was about gone, he was picked up by a ship for London. In the ship he earned his passage by __12___ (work) without pay, as a common sailor. When he got to London he was almost penniless.

On the following morning Henry was wandering on the pavement ___13___a window behind him was raised, and a gentleman asked him to step in. He__14___(show) into a room where a couple of elderly gentlemen were sitting. A couple of days before these two old and wealthy brothers had been having a hot argument__15__might happen to a stranger in London __16__a friend and with no money except a million-pound bank-note. One said he__17__(starve) to death; the other said he wouldn't. So they agreed to decide it by a bet. They wrote__18__letter with the million-pound bank-note in it. Then the two brothers sat at the window a whole day watching for the right man to give it to until Henry came along.

After___19___had his story, one of them handed Henry an envelope, and said he would find the explanation inside. After promising__20__ to open it until 2 o’clock, Henry took his leave.

11           

12           

13           

14            

15            

16            

17            

18            

19             

20            

六、書面表達：（滿分10分）

給你的筆友Lora寫一封信，簡單介紹中國農(nóng)歷新年。包括以下要點：

1.       春節(jié)對中國人來說是最重要的節(jié)日，在農(nóng)歷第一天；

2.       除夕夜家人團圓聚餐，人們通常會放鞭炮來迎接新年的到來；

3.       走訪親朋好友相互表達問候祝愿；

4.       給小孩壓歲錢；前三天通常有舞獅或其它表演活動。

參考詞匯：農(nóng)歷the lunar calendar  鞭炮fireworks 

問候greeting         壓歲錢lucky money

舞獅 lion dances   

詞數(shù)：80詞左右。

陜西師大附中2008-2009學年度第二學期期中考試

高一年級英語試題答案

聽力原文

Text 1

M：Hello，Mrs. White，what can I do for you？

W：I don’t know what’s the matter with me？I’m always feeling tired．I’m usually worn out at the end of the day．

Text 2

M：We have plenty of time，you see．We won’＊have to get back until late．So I think we should take the chance and see a bit of the countryside for a change．

W：I haven’t enjoyed a drive so much for ages．

Text 3

M：Oh, hello, Mary. I’d been expecting a call from you．I thought you said you were going to ring last night.

W：Yes．I know. It’s terrible．I just never seem to have a moment to spare these days.

Text 4

W: Have you got Mary's birthday present yet?

M: Yes. 1 got a shirt.

W: But I told you to get her a pullover or a skirt.

M: I know. But this shirt is very nice. Look!

Text 5

W: Good morning. What can I do for you?

M: is there a ship sailing for Hamburg next week?

W: Yes, there is. The Newcastle is sailing for Hamburg from Southampton next Wednesday.

M: Nine. Can you let me have a cabin for two?

W: Let me see. Yes, we can.

Text 6

W: When must the boys get on the coach?

M: The football match starts at two thirty but we should get there at half past one. The coach will pick us up at ten to one as it' 11 take us about 40 minutes to drive there. So we' 11 meet at the school car park. Don't be late, boys, will you?

Text 7

W: What can 1 do for you?

M: I'd like a fur cap, please.

W: What kind would you like? One of these, perhaps

M: Ah, that will do nicely. Can I try it on?

W: Certainly. This is a very popular cap, and it's of good quality, too.

M: What fur is it?

W: Sheep. What size do you take?

M: I' m not quite sure. I don't know Chinese sizes.

W: This is a 59. How does it fit?

M: Hmm. Good. How do I look?

W: It looks good on you.

M: How much shall I pay?

W: Two hundred and fifty-five.

聽力1-5 CBCAA      6-10  BCABC

單選 11-15 CAACB  16-20 DDCBA  21-25 ACBBC

完型 26-30 ADBCA  31-35 CBDAB  36-40 CDADA

閱讀41-43 CAB  44-47 DABD  48-51BBAD  52-55 DBCA

單詞拼寫 1. violent   2. arrival   3. slightly   4. eastwards 

5. balanced  6. scene/ sight  7 permitted/ allowed 8. system

9 exists 10 surrounded

語法填空

11.Unluckily   12. working    13. when   14. was shown 15. what   16. without   17. would starve  18. a     19.they     20. not

作文

The Chinese New Year is the most important festival for the Chinese people. It falls on the first day of the first month in the Chinese lunar calendar. On New Year’s Eve they have a family feast, people eat dumplings, fish and meat. After that they stay up to midnight to welcome the New Year with fireworks. On New Year’s Day, people visit their relatives and friends to exchange New Year’s greetings. Children receive “l(fā)ucky money” wrapped in red paper. Lion dances，dragon dances and other performances are also part of the celebration, which usually last for three days.

試題詳情

安徽省涇縣中學09屆高三第三次月考語文試卷

第Ⅰ卷   閱讀題

  甲     必考題

試題詳情

高中物理公式、規(guī)律匯編表

一、力學

1、胡克定律：f = kx  (x為伸長量或壓縮量，k為勁度系數(shù)，只與彈簧的長度、粗細和材料有關(guān))

2、重力： G = mg  (g隨高度、緯度、地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)而變化)

3、求F₁、F₂的合力的公式：

 兩個分力垂直時：

注意：(1) 力的合成和分解都均遵從平行四邊行定則。

 (2) 兩個力的合力范圍：ú F₁－F₂ ú £ F£ F₁ +F₂

(3) 合力大小可以大于分力、也可以小于分力、也可以等于分力。

4、物體平衡條件： F_合=0   

 或  F_x合=0   F_y合=0

推論：三個共點力作用于物體而平衡，任意一個力與剩余二個力的合力一定等值反向。

 5、摩擦力的公式：

   (1 )  滑動摩擦力：  f = mN 

   說明：①N為接觸面間的彈力，可以大于G；也可以等于G；也可以小于G。

②m為動摩擦因數(shù)，只與接觸面材料和粗糙程度有關(guān)，與接觸面積大小、接觸面相對運動快慢以及正壓力N無關(guān)。

   (2 ) 靜摩擦力： 由物體的平衡條件或牛頓第二定律求解，與正壓力無關(guān)。

      大小范圍：  0£ f_靜£ f_m    (f_m為最大靜摩擦力)

   說明：①摩擦力可以與運動方向相同，也可以與運動方向相反。

②摩擦力可以作正功，也可以作負功，還可以不作功。

③摩擦力的方向與物體間相對運動的方向或相對運動趨勢的方向相反。

④靜止的物體可以受滑動摩擦力的作用，運動的物體可以受靜摩擦力的作用。

 6、 萬有引力： 

（1）公式：F=G （適用條件：只適用于質(zhì)點間的相互作用）

                G為萬有引力恒量：G = 6.67×10^-11 N?m² / kg²

（2）在天文上的應(yīng)用：（M：天體質(zhì)量；R：天體半徑；g：天體表面重力加速度；r表示衛(wèi)星或行星的軌道半徑，h表示離地面或天體表面的高度））

a 、萬有引力=向心力    F_萬=F_向  

      即 

 由此可得：

①天體的質(zhì)量：                   ，注意是被圍繞天體（處于圓心處）的質(zhì)量。

 ②行星或衛(wèi)星做勻速圓周運動的線速度：          ，軌道半徑越大，線速度越小。

 ③ 行星或衛(wèi)星做勻速圓周運動的角速度：         ，軌道半徑越大，角速度越小。

④行星或衛(wèi)星做勻速圓周運動的周期：            ，軌道半徑越大，周期越大。

 ⑤行星或衛(wèi)星做勻速圓周運動的軌道半徑：              ，周期越大，軌道半徑越大。

 ⑥行星或衛(wèi)星做勻速圓周運動的向心加速度：，軌道半徑越大，向心加速度越小。

 ⑦地球或天體重力加速度隨高度的變化：

       特別地，在天體或地球表面：        

⑧天體的平均密度：      特別地：當r=R時：

b、在地球表面或地面附近的物體所受的重力等于地球?qū)ξ矬w的引力，即 ∴。在不知地球質(zhì)量的情況下可用其半徑和表面的重力加速度來表示，此式在天體運動問題中經(jīng)常應(yīng)用，稱為黃金代換式。

c、第一宇宙速度：第一宇宙速度在地面附近繞地球做勻速圓周運動所必須具有的速度。也是人造衛(wèi)星的最小發(fā)射速度。

  第二宇宙速度：v₂=11.2km/s,使物體掙脫地球引力束縛的最小發(fā)射速度。

第三宇宙速度：v₃=16.7km/s,使物體掙脫太陽引力束縛的最小發(fā)射速度。

7、 牛頓第二定律： 

理解：（1）矢量性  （2）瞬時性  （3）獨立性  （4）同體性  （5）同系性  （6）同單位制

8、勻變速直線運動：

幾個重要推論：

 （1） 

 （2）A B段中間時刻的即時速度：

（3）AB段位移中點的即時速度：

       勻速：v_t/2 =v_s/2 ，勻加速或勻減速直線運動：v_t/2 <v_s/2

（4）       初速為零的勻加速直線運動,

①     在1s 、2s、3s­……ns內(nèi)的位移之比為1²：2²：3²……n²

②     在第1s 內(nèi)、第 2s內(nèi)、第3s內(nèi)……第ns內(nèi)的位移之比為1：3：5……(2n-1)

③     在第1m 內(nèi)、第2m內(nèi)、第3m內(nèi)……第n m內(nèi)的時間之比為1：：（……(

(5)     初速無論是否為零,勻變速直線運動的質(zhì)點,在連續(xù)相鄰的相等的時間間隔內(nèi)的位移之差為一常數(shù)：Ds = aT²    (a：勻變速直線運動的加速度  T：每個時間間隔的時間) 

 9、勻速圓周運動公式

線速度：v= wR=2f R=

向心加速度：a =² f² R

角速度：w=

向心力：F= ma = m² R= m4m f² R

 注意：（1）勻速圓周運動的物體的向心力就是物體所受的合外力，總是指向圓心。

      （2）衛(wèi)星繞地球、行星繞太陽作勻速圓周運動的向心力由萬有引力提供。                           

（3）氫原子核外電子繞核作勻速圓周運動的向心力是原子核對核外電子的庫侖力。

 10、平拋運動公式：水平方向的勻速直線運動和豎直方向的初速度為零的勻加速直線運動（即自由落體運動）的合運動

       水平分運動： 水平位移： x= v_o t     水平分速度：v_x = v_o

豎直分運動： 豎直位移： y =g t²    豎直分速度：v_y= g t

 tgq =           v_y = v_otgq      v_o =v_yctgq                               

            v =      v_o = vcosq    v_y = vsinq                

11、 功 ： W = Fs cosα      (適用于恒力的功的計算）

  （1）力F的功只與F、s、α三者有關(guān)，與物體做什么運動無關(guān)

（2）理解正功、零功、負功

        （3）功是能量轉(zhuǎn)化的量度

12、 動能和勢能：   動能：      重力勢能：E_p = mgh     (與零勢能面的選擇有關(guān))

13、動能定理：外力對物體所做的總功等于物體動能的變化。

       公式：  W_合= DE_k = E_k2 - E_k1 =   

14、機械能守恒定律：機械能 = 動能+重力勢能+彈性勢能

     條件：系統(tǒng)只有內(nèi)部的重力或彈力（指彈簧的彈力）做功。

     公式：   mgh₁ + 

15、功率：    P =    (在t時間內(nèi)力對物體做功的平均功率)

              P = Fv    (F為牽引力，不是合外力；v為即時速度時，P為即時功率；v為平均速度時，P為平均功率； P一定時，F(xiàn)與v成反比）

16、功能原理：外力和“其它”內(nèi)力做功的代數(shù)和等于系統(tǒng)機械能的變化

17、功能關(guān)系：功是能量變化的量度。

摩擦力乘以相對滑動的路程等于系統(tǒng)失去的機械能，等于摩擦產(chǎn)生的熱    

18、物體的動量   P=mv,

19、恒力的沖量   I=Ft

20、動量定理:    Ft=mv₂―mv₁

21、動量守恒定律   +m₂v₂ = m₁v₁^’＋m₂v₂^’   或Dp₁  = - Dp₂   或Dp₁ +Dp₂=0

 適用條件：（1）系統(tǒng)不受外力作用。（2）系統(tǒng)受外力作用，但合外力為零。（3）系統(tǒng)受外力作用，合外力也不為零，但合外力遠小于物體間的相互作用力。（4）系統(tǒng)在某一個方向的合外力為零，在這個方向的動量守恒。

完全非彈性碰撞     mV₁+MV₂=（M+m）V 

22、簡諧振動的回復力   F=－kx   加速度

23、單擺振動周期          (與擺球質(zhì)量、振幅無關(guān)）

24、彈簧振子周期   

共振：驅(qū)動力的頻率等于物體的固有頻率時，物體的振幅最大

25、機械波：機械振動在介質(zhì)中傳播形成機械波。它是傳遞能量的一種方式。

產(chǎn)生條件：要有波源和介質(zhì)。

波的分類：①橫波：質(zhì)點振動方向與波的傳播方向垂直，有波峰和波谷。

                 ②縱波，質(zhì)點振動方向與波的傳播方向在同一直線上。有密部和疏部。

波長λ：兩個相鄰的在振動過程中對平衡位置的位移總是相等的質(zhì)點間的距離。

注意：①橫波中兩個相鄰波峰或波谷問距離等于一個波長。

              ②波在一個周期時間里傳播的距離等于一個波長。

      波速：波在介質(zhì)中傳播的速度。機械波的傳播速度由介質(zhì)決定。

      波速v波長λ頻率f關(guān)系：   （適用于一切波）

      注意：波的頻率即是波源的振動頻率，與介質(zhì)無關(guān)。

27、浮力   

28、密度   ，，

29、力矩  

30、力矩平衡條件   M_順=M_逆

二、熱學

（一）分子動理論

                           分子直徑（數(shù)量級）：10^-10 m（油膜法）

                           分子質(zhì)量（數(shù)量級）：10^-26 kg

         ⒈物體是由大量    阿伏加德羅常數(shù)（油膜法）：N_A=6.02×10²³ mol^-1。

           分子組成的          是聯(lián)系宏觀世界與微觀世界的橋梁。

                             擴散現(xiàn)象

         ⒉分子永不停息

           地作無規(guī)則運

           動（熱運動）

                            布朗運動

                              r<r₀，合力表現(xiàn)為斥力          F

         ⒊分子間存在                                            f_斥