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“進(jìn)化”不了的愛(ài)

孫君飛

進(jìn)化論包含著殘酷的叢林法則，也隱含著生命的自私自利性。一個(gè)生命個(gè)體要想很好地生存下去，必須要將自己變得更優(yōu)秀，學(xué)會(huì)“排他”，否則優(yōu)勝劣汰的只能是自己。不過(guò)，人們?cè)谟^察工蜂時(shí)，驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)，它們并未受到進(jìn)化論的影響，它們混沌若當(dāng)初，或者說(shuō)它們完美地保持著一種純粹而崇高的精神，這使它們成為生命進(jìn)化中的另類(lèi)。

工蜂屬于生殖器官發(fā)育不完善的雌性蜂，即便能夠產(chǎn)卵，也只是沒(méi)有受精的卵，因此它們自身沒(méi)有繁殖能力。這種缺陷可怕而又不幸，然而工蜂對(duì)此無(wú)動(dòng)于衷，甘愿終身攜帶著缺陷而生，從未奢望將自身進(jìn)化得更完美更強(qiáng)悍。值得稱(chēng)道的是，工蜂的適應(yīng)性反而很強(qiáng)大，它們擁有相當(dāng)厲害的武器——毒刺，刺上長(zhǎng)有倒鉤，一旦“亮劍”就不能回收利用。工蜂的毒刺是不折不扣的雙刃劍，在傷及侵害者的同時(shí)，自己的生命也面臨著終結(jié)。

蜜蜂家族中令人難以置信的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)更加震驚著世人的心靈，在這里一切都那么井然有序，合乎“法則”，一切又那么一往情深，合乎“生命之愛(ài)”。蜜蜂的利他主義行為也許會(huì)讓達(dá)爾文難以理解，失去繁殖能力卻能夠?qū)⒏鞣N特征和習(xí)性一代代傳承下去的工蜂可能更讓達(dá)爾文目瞪口呆吧。答案其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單，一切都源于蜜蜂與眾不同的遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)。換言之，存在于工蜂體內(nèi)的遺傳基因極其頑強(qiáng)，只有它們才會(huì)驅(qū)使工蜂去鞠躬盡瘁地照顧其它跟自己具有相同基因的生命，甚至為對(duì)方犧牲自己，卻無(wú)怨無(wú)悔。

蜂后產(chǎn)下的受精卵天生高貴，常常會(huì)孵化出雌性幼蜂，而延續(xù)高貴的辦法只有一個(gè)：它們只有食用了工蜂分泌的蜂王漿之后，才能發(fā)育成具有生殖能力的小蜂后，否則它們?cè)陂L(zhǎng)大后依然屬于工蜂——從出生時(shí)開(kāi)始，便將生命獻(xiàn)給蜂群、終日辛勞的工蜂！

由于小蜂后的基因與工蜂的基因幾乎相同，從身形外貌上看，彼此也幾乎一模一樣，這也許使工蜂頓感一陣甜蜜而幸福、神圣而自豪的恍然：站在我面前的，莫不是又一個(gè)“我”？我由此獲得了新生，得到了永恒……工蜂在含辛茹苦喂養(yǎng)小蜂后的過(guò)程中，彼此的血緣關(guān)系升至最親密最牢固。它們?cè)�本不是毫不相關(guān)的兩個(gè)，而是見(jiàn)證生命延續(xù)、利他友愛(ài)的兩個(gè)。因?yàn)橄嗤�的基因存活在它們的生命之中，工蜂在潛意識(shí)里將蜂后看得比自己的生命更為重要，為了對(duì)方、也為了另一個(gè)“我”和“我們”，它們可以在必要時(shí)完全放棄自己現(xiàn)實(shí)的生命及其未來(lái)。

（選自在《思維與智慧》有刪節(jié)）

下列關(guān)于“工蜂”的表述，不符合原文意思的一項(xiàng)是

  A．作為生命個(gè)體，工蜂的生命隱含著自私自利性，要想不被淘汰，它必須將自己變得更優(yōu)秀，學(xué)會(huì)“排他”。   

  B．工蜂之所以成為生命進(jìn)化中的另類(lèi)，是因?yàn)樗鼈兺昝赖乇３种�一種純粹而崇高的精神，并未受到進(jìn)化論的影響。   

  C．工蜂的適應(yīng)性很強(qiáng)，尾部長(zhǎng)有倒鉤的毒刺是相當(dāng)厲害的武器，在傷及侵害者的同時(shí)，工蜂的生命也意味著終結(jié)。   

  D．從出生開(kāi)始，就為蜂群而終日辛勞的工蜂，能把各種特征和習(xí)性一代代傳承下去，靠的是與眾不同的遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)。

下列有關(guān)“蜜蜂繁殖"的表述，符合原文意思的一項(xiàng)是

  A．蜂后是具有生殖能力的雌性蜂，產(chǎn)下的受精卵天生高貴，孵化出雌性幼蜂，幼蜂長(zhǎng)大以后就成為新一代蜂后。

  B．工蜂自身沒(méi)有繁殖能力，屬于生殖器官發(fā)育不完善的雌性蜂，即便能夠產(chǎn)卵，也只是沒(méi)有受精的卵，不能孵化幼蜂。

  C．存在于工蜂體內(nèi)的遺傳基因極其頑強(qiáng)，它驅(qū)使工蜂分泌蜂王漿，鞠躬盡瘁地照顧和自己具有相同基因的“孩子”。

  D．蜂后負(fù)責(zé)產(chǎn)卵，工蜂負(fù)責(zé)喂養(yǎng)幼蜂，因而小蜂后的基因與工蜂的基因幾乎相同，身形外貌上也幾乎一模一樣。

下列根據(jù)原文信息所作的推斷，不正確的一項(xiàng)是

  A．采粉、釀蜜、飼喂幼蟲(chóng)的工蜂是蜂群的主體，兒歌唱的“小蜜蜂，整天忙，采花蜜，釀蜜糖”，指的就是工蜂。

  B．蜜蜂家族一切都井然有序，合乎“法則”，合乎“生命之愛(ài)”，人類(lèi)如果借鑒了這種社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)．可能會(huì)更有利于社會(huì)和諧。

  C．為了蜂后和后代，工蜂不惜犧牲自己，是因?yàn)樗鼈冇蟹瞰I(xiàn)精神，潛意識(shí)里將蜂后和后代看得比自己的生命更重要。

  D．工蜂一生從事的是利他的事業(yè)，而不是優(yōu)化自己的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)繁衍后代，從這一點(diǎn)來(lái)看，    達(dá)爾文的進(jìn)化論“適者生存”不科學(xué)。

完成句子

1.我今天不方便去逛街.(convenient)  ________________to go shopping.

2.可能會(huì)下雨，把傘帶上以防萬(wàn)一.(in case)  It may rain. You’d better ________________

3.微笑能幫助我們渡過(guò)難關(guān)。（get）   A smile can help us __________________________

4.他們正和另一家公司聯(lián)合建造這座大壩。(association) They __________ with another firm.

5.學(xué)好英語(yǔ)不容易,但只要堅(jiān)持你最后會(huì)成功的.(hang on)

It’s not easy to learn English well, _____, you will succeed in the end.

6.你所說(shuō)的的確是做白日夢(mèng).( truth)   What you are saying____________

7.盡管他只是個(gè)八歲的小孩，他已經(jīng)能夠分辨是非。(distinguish)

Although he is only an eight –year- old child, he can _______________

8.直到老師指出我的缺點(diǎn)我才意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。(aware)

Not until my teacher pointed out my shortcoming_________________

9.我剛要接電話(huà)這時(shí)電話(huà)被掛斷了。（ring）

I was just about to answer the phone when it _________  

10.她午飯吃得很少，期待晚飯時(shí)飽餐一頓.(expectation)

She ate a light lunch _________a good dinner.

閱讀理解

Table Manners in America

美國(guó)餐桌禮儀

    吃的禮節(jié)在不同的國(guó)度存在著明顯的差異。如在我們中國(guó)家庭做客，主人會(huì)盛情款待你；你吃得越多，主人就會(huì)越高興，還不時(shí)會(huì)給你添菜斟酒。但如果你把國(guó)內(nèi)這些“挺有禮貌”的習(xí)慣帶到美國(guó)，就可能會(huì)被認(rèn)為不文雅或缺少修養(yǎng)……

    When eating at home with guests or eating out，there are several table manners that are generally observed．

    Most meals served in American homes are served “family style”； this means that food is placed on platters or in large bowls，and passed around to each person at the table，Each person takes a little food and puts it on his or her plate，and then passes the food to the next person．It is OK to ask for second helpings．

If you are treating your lady friend to a meal at a nice restaurant，it is polite to hold the chair for her while she sits down．Each person orders their own food and drinks，and it is polite to order items that are similar in price to the host’s order．Before beginning your meal，place your napkin over your lap，and remove it when the meal is completely finished。

It is polite to wait until everyone at your table is served before you begin eating；in some instances，it is best to wait until the host begin eating．It is not polite to rest your elbows on the table．Only one hand should be on the table for most of the meal，unless you need to cut meat or pass something．Americans do not chew with their mouths open，or speak when their mouths are full of food．When drinking alcohol，it is impolite to drink too much or get drunk．If you do not drink，you will usually not be pressured to do so，and you should likewise not pressure others to drink with you．

    Notes

    platter n．大淺盤(pán)　　　　　　　　 napkin n．餐巾

instance  n．例子　　　　　　    lap n．膝上

elbow  n．肘部　　　　　　　　  alcohol  n．酒；含酒精的飲料

likewise  adv．同樣；也

Comprehension questions

1．In America，it is good manners _______when eating in a nice restaurant.

A．to order items that are similar in price to the host's order

B．to eat as much as you can

C．to put your elbows on the table

D．to eat and eat until only a little food remains on the table

2．When eating out，it is polite _______．

A．for you to order food and drinks for everyone

B．to put your napkin on the table

C．to speak with your mouth full of food

D．for everyone to order his or her own food and drinks

3．When drinking alcohol，_______．

A．you can put both your hands on the table

B．you can chew with your mouths open

C．you should not drink too much or get drunk

D．you are welcome to drink much or get drunk

Table Manners in America

美國(guó)餐桌禮儀

    吃的禮節(jié)在不同的國(guó)度存在著明顯的差異。如在我們中國(guó)家庭做客，主人會(huì)盛情款待你；你吃得越多，主人就會(huì)越高興，還不時(shí)會(huì)給你添菜斟酒。但如果你把國(guó)內(nèi)這些“挺有禮貌”的習(xí)慣帶到美國(guó)，就可能會(huì)被認(rèn)為不文雅或缺少修養(yǎng)……

    When eating at home with guests or eating out，there are several table manners that are generally observed．

    Most meals served in American homes are served “family style”； this means that food is placed on platters or in large bowls，and passed around to each person at the table，Each person takes a little food and puts it on his or her plate，and then passes the food to the next person．It is OK to ask for second helpings．

If you are treating your lady friend to a meal at a nice restaurant，it is polite to hold the chair for her while she sits down．Each person orders their own food and drinks，and it is polite to order items that are similar in price to the host’s order．Before beginning your meal，place your napkin over your lap，and remove it when the meal is completely finished。

It is polite to wait until everyone at your table is served before you begin eating；in some instances，it is best to wait until the host begin eating．It is not polite to rest your elbows on the table．Only one hand should be on the table for most of the meal，unless you need to cut meat or pass something．Americans do not chew with their mouths open，or speak when their mouths are full of food．When drinking alcohol，it is impolite to drink too much or get drunk．If you do not drink，you will usually not be pressured to do so，and you should likewise not pressure others to drink with you．

    Notes

    platter n．大淺盤(pán)　　　　　　　　 napkin n．餐巾

instance  n．例子　　　　　　    lap n．膝上

elbow  n．肘部　　　　　　　　  alcohol  n．酒；含酒精的飲料

likewise  adv．同樣；也

Comprehension questions

1．In America，it is good manners _______when eating in a nice restaurant.

A．to order items that are similar in price to the host's order

B．to eat as much as you can

C．to put your elbows on the table

D．to eat and eat until only a little food remains on the table

2．When eating out，it is polite _______．

A．for you to order food and drinks for everyone

B．to put your napkin on the table

C．to speak with your mouth full of food

D．for everyone to order his or her own food and drinks

3．When drinking alcohol，_______．

A．you can put both your hands on the table

B．you can chew with your mouths open

C．you should not drink too much or get drunk

D．you are welcome to drink much or get drunk