2. Children are tired of learning often because they ____ to do better than they can.

1. Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had ____.

12. spare

1) adj. 備用的，多余的，剩余的 a spare tire 備用輪胎 / spare cash 余款　 If you have a spare bed, may I stay tonight? / Have you any spare time to help me?

2) n. 節(jié)約，抽出　 spare no effort / pain 不遺余力 / spare no expense 不惜工本 / Please spare me your opinions, just tell me the facts. / Can you spare this time to help me? / Can you spare me this book for a while?

▲ 搭配：

① in one's spare time 在空余時(shí)間；在業(yè)余時(shí)間 ② spare no pains / efforts to do sth 不遺余力地去做某事 ③ spare one's energy 節(jié)省精力

[考例3](2005湖北)They started off late and got to the airport with minutes to ____.

A. spare　 B. catch　 C. leave　 D. make

[考查目標(biāo)]考查幾個(gè)與時(shí)間名詞搭配的動(dòng)詞含義。

[答案與解析]A　 題意為“他們出發(fā)晚了，只剩下幾分鐘的時(shí)間趕往機(jī)場”。to spare = be able to afford to give (time, money, etc.) 意為“多余。余富”。

[考點(diǎn)5]turn 的用法

▲ 構(gòu)詞：turning n. [C]拐彎處，拐角處

▲搭配：

① turn around / round 轉(zhuǎn)過身；轉(zhuǎn)過來

② turn away 把……打發(fā)走；解雇；拒絕；把臉扭開

③ turn down 關(guān)�。徽{(diào)低；拒絕

④ turn green 變綠

⑤ turn in 上繳；移交給警察

⑥ turn off 關(guān)掉(自來水、電燈、收音機(jī)等)；切斷

⑦ turn on 開；旋開(電燈、無線電等)

⑧ turn over 翻到；翻身；翻(書頁)；翻動(dòng)；翻耕(土地)；把…翻一翻；移交(工作)；轉(zhuǎn)讓(公司)

⑨ turn to 翻到；轉(zhuǎn)向；求救于；求助于

⑩ turn up 調(diào)大；出現(xiàn)；到達(dá)；找到；轉(zhuǎn)彎；轉(zhuǎn)向

⑪ turn...into... 把……變成……

⑫ wait one's turn 等著輪到某人

⑬ by turns 輪流地．依次

⑭ turn out 結(jié)果證明是；生產(chǎn)

⑮ turn into 進(jìn)入

⑯ in turn 依次；反過來(表示對(duì)比)

▲句型：

① turn + n. = become a / an / the + n. 變成

② turn + adj. (green / yellow / deaf) 變得 It's one's turn to do sth = Now comes one's turn to do sth 輪到某人干某事了；該某人干某事

一般疑問句：Is it one's turn to do sth?

特殊疑問句：Whose turn is it to do sth?

take turns (at) doing sth / to do sth = take one's turn to do sth = do sth by turns = do sth in turn 輪流千某事

“(結(jié)果)證明”可表達(dá)為：...turn out (to be) + 名詞或形容詞；It turns / turned out that + 句子。例如：The meeting turned out to be a great success. 結(jié)果會(huì)議開得很成功。= It turned out that the meeting was a great success.

▲ 辨析：①become; get; go; grow; turn

該組詞作系動(dòng)詞用時(shí)， 均表示變化，但

become意為“變成，成為， 轉(zhuǎn)為”，多用于書面語，多指有一種狀態(tài)向另一種狀態(tài)的變化，所表示的變化過程往往已經(jīng)完成，其后可接形容詞、名詞等作表語。

get意為“變成，……起來”，多用于口語，多指由一種狀態(tài)變成另一種狀態(tài)，表示短時(shí)間的狀態(tài)變化，其后接形容詞、不定式或現(xiàn)在分詞等作表語。

go常指由好變壞或由正常情況變成特殊情況。如：go bad / blind / mad / crazy / wrong / red變壞 /變瞎 / 變瘋 / 出毛病 / (氣得臉)變紅；表示短時(shí)間的狀態(tài)變化，其后接形容詞等作表語。

grow有“逐漸變成新狀態(tài)”之意，強(qiáng)調(diào)變化過程。

turn意為“變成”，表示成為完全不同的事物，強(qiáng)調(diào)變化的結(jié)果。其后可接形容詞作表語，一般表示東西變質(zhì)，人或天氣變壞及顏色的變化等，后接名詞時(shí)，名詞前無冠詞。例如：Johnson has become a lawyer, but Michael remains a waiter at a hotel. Johnson已做了律師，可Michael卻還在一家賓館當(dāng)服務(wù)員。/ Don't get too excited! 不要太激動(dòng)! / Meat goes bad easily in summer. 肉在夏天易變壞。/ The smoke grew thicker. 煙變得更濃了。/ The milk turned sour. 牛奶酸了。 He has turned journalist. = He has become a journalist. 他已經(jīng)成了一名記者。

② close shut；turn off 該組詞均表達(dá)“關(guān)，關(guān)閉”之意，但close意為“關(guān)，關(guān)閉，封閉”，是較正式的用語，常指把門窗、箱子、盒千等關(guān)閉起來或?qū)⑹褂弥�的路封閉起來。shut意為“關(guān)，關(guān)閉，關(guān)牢”，可與互換使用，但其意味更強(qiáng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)的結(jié)果，含有關(guān)緊或關(guān)牢之意。turn off 意為“關(guān)．關(guān)閉”，常用于電源、電燈、電視、收音機(jī)等電器及水流等液體的關(guān)閉。

[考例5](2004浙江) We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite ____ as planned.

A. make out　　 B. turn out　 C. go on　 D. come up

[考查目標(biāo)] 考查動(dòng)詞短語辨析。

[答案與解析]B　 make out表示“分辨”；turn out表示“結(jié)果是”；go on 表示“繼續(xù)”；come up表示“問題等被提出”。結(jié)合上下文的意思應(yīng)該選turn out。

[考點(diǎn)7]waste 的用法

▲ 搭配：a waste of……的浪費(fèi)

▲ 句型：

① waste sth 浪費(fèi)；消耗

② waste time / money + (in) doing sth 浪費(fèi)時(shí)間／金錢干某事

③ waste time / money + on sth 浪費(fèi)時(shí)間 / 金錢……

④ It's (a) waste of time / money / breath + to do sth. / doing sth 干某事是白費(fèi)時(shí)間／錢／口舌

[考例7](NMET 1995)You're ____ your time trying to persuade him; he'll never join us.

A. spending　　 B. wasting　　 C. losing　 D. missing

[考查目標(biāo)]考查動(dòng)詞的辨析。

[答案與解析]B　 根據(jù)上下文的意思”他不會(huì)加到我們中的，所以你是在浪費(fèi)時(shí)間”。

[牛刀小試1]

用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：

(spare, hope, waste, hand, expect, envy)

6. so young a body

[說明]在一個(gè)帶有形容詞的名詞詞組中，不定冠詞a / an通常放在adj. 的前面。但是，如果adj.前有so, too, how, quite 時(shí)，a / an應(yīng)放 adj. 的后面。其結(jié)構(gòu)是：so / too / how / quite + adj. + a / an + n.。He is so good a student. / It is too difficult a job for me.

1. mercy n. 仁慈、憐憫

They showed little mercy to the enemies. 他們對(duì)敵人毫不憐憫。/ We were treated with mercy. 人們對(duì)待我們很仁慈。

have mercy on 對(duì)……表示憐憫 She was so kind that the showed much mercy on the poor. 她很仁慈對(duì)窮人很憐憫。

at the mercy of 任由……擺布，受……控制 She is at the mercy of her emotions. 她完全受自己感情的支配。

[考點(diǎn)2]order 的用法

▲搭配：

① obey orders 服從命令

② in order that 為了；以便

③ in order to 為了；以便

④ in order 整齊；按順序；有條理

⑤ out of order 失靈，出故障

⑥ take orders from sb = take one's orders 接受命令

⑦ send orders to sb 傳令給……

⑧ give an order 下命令

⑨ take / have one's order 請(qǐng)某人點(diǎn)菜

⑩ keep order 維持秩序

⑪ have orders 奉命

▲句型：

① order sb. to do sth 命令某人干某事

② order sth to be done 命令干某事

③ order (that) sh / sth (should) + V. 命令干某事

④ order sb sth 給某人訂購某物

⑤ in order to do sth; in order that-clause 為了……

⑥ We used the computer in order to save time. = We used the computer in order that we might save time. 我們使用計(jì)算機(jī)是為了節(jié)省時(shí)間。

⑦ There came an order that...= An order came that... 傳來……命令

⑧ May I take / have your order? 你點(diǎn)菜嗎?(飯店服務(wù)員用語)

▲辨析：command；direct；order

三詞均意為“命令”，但

command語氣較強(qiáng)，多用于正式的場合。

direct語氣較弱。

order語氣較強(qiáng)，但比較局限和具體，多用于軍事指揮中，接賓語從句時(shí)需用虛擬語氣。例如：The men did as their officer had commanded. 士兵遵照長官的命令行事。/ The general directed that his men should retreat. 將軍命令他的部下撤退。/ The police ordered the demonstrators to stop. 警方命令示威者停止前進(jìn)。

[考例2](1996上海)

-- I wonder if I could use your telephone.　 -- ____.

A. I wonder how　　　　　 B. I don't wonder

C. Sorry, it's out of order　 D. No wonder, here it is

[考查目標(biāo)]考查交際用語。

[答案與解析]C　 out of order 表示“出故障”。

[考點(diǎn)4]pay的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：

① pay phone 公用電話　　 ② payday 發(fā)薪日

③ pay envelope 工資袋　　 ④ well-paid 高薪的

▲ 搭配：

① pay back 償還／歸還(借款等)；報(bào)答；報(bào)復(fù)；回敬

② pay for sth 付錢；支付；為……付m(代價(jià))

③ pay off (one's debts) 還清(債務(wù))

④ pay sb back for... 報(bào)答某人什么

⑤ pay one's debt 還賬

⑥ pay...a visit = pay a visit to 訪問……；拜訪……

⑦ get / be paid = get one's pay 領(lǐng)工資；得到報(bào)酬

⑧ pay taxes / rent / the bill 納稅／交租金／付賬

⑨ pay one's respects to sb 向某人表示敬意

⑩ pay attention to 注意

▲ 句型：

① pay sb some money for (doing) sth 干某事付給某人多少錢

② pay sb + 錢付給某人多少錢

③ pay for (doing) sth 為(干)某事付錢

④ pay + 錢 + for (doing) sth 為(干)某事付多少錢

⑤ pay sb to do sth 雇某人干某事

▲ 辨析：fee；pay；salary；wage

salary 指定期發(fā)放的工資，常以一個(gè)月或一年為期限，多為白領(lǐng)工作人員或管理部門的人員的工資

wage 多用復(fù)數(shù)wages，指體力勞動(dòng)者的工資，指每周所發(fā)的工資或計(jì)時(shí)計(jì)件工資

pay 指發(fā)給軍人或其他公務(wù)員的“薪水”，經(jīng)常指永久性的、定期付給一定數(shù)量的錢

fee指為某種專業(yè)服務(wù)而付出的錢(如付給律師的)。例如：

The fee for the concert is 100 yuan. 音樂會(huì)的票價(jià)是100元。We can't afford private school fees. 我們負(fù)擔(dān)不起私立學(xué)校的學(xué)費(fèi)。It's a dirty job but the pay is good. 這是份很臟的工作，但工資不錯(cuò)。My salary is paid directly into my bank account. 我的薪金是直接撥入我的銀行戶頭的。What's the average wage in this country? 這個(gè)國家的平均工資是多少?

[考例4](NMET 1998)Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ by the hour.

A. pay　　 B. paying　　 C. paid　　 D. to pay

[考查目標(biāo)]考查 get paid 的含義。

[答案與解析]C　 get paid 領(lǐng)工資；得到報(bào)酬。

[考點(diǎn)8]serve 的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：

① service n. 服務(wù)

② servant n. 仆人，傭人

③ service-charge ＝ tip n. 服務(wù)費(fèi)，小費(fèi)

④ a service industry 一種服務(wù)性行業(yè)

▲ 搭配：

① serve sb heart anti soul 全心全意為人民服務(wù)

② serve as / for 某物當(dāng)……用；用作；起……作用

③ serve one's turn / need / purpose 適合某人的目的 /需要 / 心意

④ serve in the army 服役

⑤ provide good after-sales service 提供優(yōu)質(zhì)

⑥ community service 社區(qū)服務(wù)

⑦ go into service 投入使用；去幫傭

⑧ in service 當(dāng)傭人；在職；服兵役；使用中

⑨ do sb a (great) service 幫某人個(gè)(大)忙；給某人...(大)忙

⑩ be at one's service 聽候某人吩咐；聽?wèi){某人使用

⑪At your service. 愿為您效勞；聽候您的吩咐

▲ 句型：① serve sb (with) sth = serve sth to sb 拿／用……招待／款待某人 ② Can I be of (any) service to you? 我能幫你什么忙嗎? ③ be of service to... 對(duì)……有用／有幫助／有好處

[考例8](NMET 1993)In some parts of the world, tea ____ with milk and sugar.

A. is serving　　 B. is served　 C. serves　　 D. served

[考查目標(biāo)] 考查固定短語。

[答案與解析]B　 考查 be served with 固定短語。

4. fortune n. 機(jī)會(huì)；運(yùn)氣

make a fortune 發(fā)財(cái)致富 / push one's fortune 追求名利，努力抬高自己的地位；力圖發(fā)跡 / run a fortune 冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn) / seek one's fortune 尋求出路，力圖發(fā)跡 / try one's fortune 碰運(yùn)氣　 He made a considerable fortune selling waste materials. 他靠賣廢料發(fā)了大財(cái)。/ Fortune favours the brave.

[考點(diǎn)9]hand的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：

① handshake n. [C] 握手 ② handstand n. [C]手倒立

③ handtruck n. [C]手推車

④ handwriting n. [U]筆跡，書法

⑤ handful n. [C] (一)把；少數(shù)。少量

⑥ handkerchief n. [C]手帕

⑦ handbag n. [C]女用皮包，手提包

▲ 搭配：

① hold out one's hand 伸出手

② hold one's hand 握著某人的手

③ reach (out) for...= reach (out) one's hand for...伸手夠……

④ raise one's hand(s) = put up one's hand(s)舉手

⑤ hand down 把……傳下去／發(fā)下去

⑥ hand in 上交；遞交；提交

⑦ hand out 分發(fā)；發(fā)放；散發(fā)

⑧ hand (over) to... 移交給……，拿給(另一個(gè))

⑨ go hand in hand with 與……齊頭并進(jìn)

⑩ by hand 手工；用手(區(qū)別于用機(jī)器等)

⑪ hand in hand 并進(jìn)；聯(lián)合；手拉手；緊密合作

⑫ from hand to hand 從一人之手轉(zhuǎn)到他人之手

⑬ at hand 在手邊；即將到來；即將來臨；在近處

⑭ a green hand 生手；沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人

⑮ a handful of 少量的；一把；很少的

⑯ be short of hands 缺人手

⑰ give / lend sb a hand (with sth) (在某方面)幫某人一下忙

⑱ shake hands with sb = shake one's hand = shake sb by the hand與某人握手

⑲ catch / take sb by the hand = catch / take one's hand抓住／拉著某人的手

⑳ Hands up! 舉起手來!(命令)

比較：Hands off! 請(qǐng)勿動(dòng)手!(不要用手摸!)

▲ 句型：

① hand sb. sth = hand sth (on) to sb = hand (on) sth to sb 把……交給……

② on the one hand..., on the other hand 一方面…，(但)另一方面… (可連用，也可單獨(dú)使用) (第一個(gè)the和第二個(gè)hand可以省略)

③ have a hand in (doing) sth 參與；插手；對(duì)(干)某事負(fù)部分責(zé)任

[考例9](2004福建)It's certain that he will ____ his business to his son when he gets old.

A. take over　 B. think over　 C. hand over　 D. go over

[考查目標(biāo)]考查 hand over 的意思。

[答案與解析]C　 hand over...to sb 把……移交給某人。

[考點(diǎn)6]hope 的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：

① hopeful adj. 有希望的；有前途的

② hopefully adv. 有希望地

③ hopeless adj. 沒有希望的；不可救藥的

▲搭配：

① in the hope of = in hopes of = hoping 懷著……的希望　 ② hope for sth 希望……；期待……

▲句型：

① hope to do sth (既表示愿望又表示對(duì)此很有把握)希望……

② hope that clause 希望……；預(yù)祝……

③ (be) in the hope / hopes of doing sth 希望……

④ (be)in the hope / hopes that clause 希望……

⑤ express the / one's hope to do sth 希望……

⑥ express the / one's hope that clause 希望……

⑦ It is hoped that... = Hopefully...人們希望……

⑧ I hope so. 我希望如此。 I hope not. 我希望沒有。(我希望不。)

⑨ had hoped to do sth 或had hoped that sb would do sth 表示“本希望(本想)，但未實(shí)現(xiàn)”

⑩ There is little / no / not much hope of (doing) sth 干某事的希望不大

⑪I s there little / no / not much hope that...? 沒有干某事的希望 / 可能嗎?

⑫ Is there any hope of doing sth? Is there any hope that…? 有十某事的希望嗎?

▲辨析：desire；expect；hope；want：wish (見本講考點(diǎn)10)

▲友情提示：千萬不可使用hope sb to do sth 結(jié)構(gòu)。

[考例6](2004江蘇)

-- You haven't lost the ticket, have you?

-- ____. I know it's not easy to get another one at the moment.

A. I hope not　　 B. Yes, I have

C. I hope so　　 D. Yes, I'm afraid so

[考查目標(biāo)]考查語境中的交際用語。

[答案與解析]A　 根據(jù)上下文的語境可以得出答案。

3. envy嫉妒；羨慕

(1) vt. Better be envied than pitied. 寧可讓人妒忌，不要讓人憐憫。/ I envy him his success. 我很羨慕(嫉妒)他的成功。

(2) n. They only say such unkind things about you out of

envy. 他們純粹出于忌妒才說你這些壞話。/ He was filled with envy at my success. 他十分羨慕(嫉妒)我的成功。

▲搭配：

① feel envy at... 對(duì)……感到嫉妒

② out of envy 出于嫉妒／羨慕

③ envy sb 嫉妒／羨慕某人

④ envy sb sth = envy one's sth 嫉妒／羨慕某人某事

I don't envy you your journey in this bad weather. 我并不羨慕你在這種壞天氣去旅行。

[考例1]I bought a new type of cellphone, which was the ____ of all my classmates.

A. admire　　 B. wish　　 C. respect　　 D. envy

[考查目標(biāo)] 考查詞語在具體語境中的用法。

[答案與解析]D ...is the envy of sb. 意為“……是某人所羨慕的”。

[考點(diǎn)lO]expect 的用法

▲構(gòu)詞：

① expectation n. [C；U] 預(yù)料；預(yù)期；期待；期望；盼望　 ② unexpected adj. 未預(yù)料到的

▲句型：

① expect that clause 以為；認(rèn)為；期望

② expect to do sth 期望干某事

③ expect sb to do sth 期待某人做某事

④ sb didn't expect sb to do sth 沒料到某人會(huì)干某事

⑤ expect so / not料想如此／不會(huì)如此

⑥ ...as / than (sb) expected 如……預(yù)料／比預(yù)料更

⑦ as is / was / might be expected；as might have been expected果然；不出所料；正如所料

⑧ had expected to do sth 表示“本希望(本想)，但未實(shí)

現(xiàn)”。

⑨ beyond (one's) expectation 出乎(某人)意料；料想不到；較預(yù)期的更大／好

▲辨析：desire；expect；hope；want；wish

該組詞均可表達(dá)愿望，但：

expect表示“期待。期望，盼望”，有把握，有根據(jù)地認(rèn)為某事將要發(fā)生或期待某事的發(fā)生，著重相信或認(rèn)為有客觀可能。

hope表示想做某事或期望出現(xiàn)某種有利的結(jié)果，隱含這種希望可以實(shí)現(xiàn)，意為“希望于某事”。

want為普通口語用詞，指對(duì)滿足某種實(shí)際需要的渴求。

wish表示一種心愿和渴望，渴望的程度比desire弱，或表示一種不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，也用來表示對(duì)人的祝福。

desire既可作動(dòng)詞。也可作名詞。最正式、嚴(yán)肅，強(qiáng)調(diào)感情的強(qiáng)烈和熱切，強(qiáng)調(diào)“主觀愿望的熱切性”，含有“強(qiáng)烈希望做某事”的意思。例如：

He desires a college education. 他想受大學(xué)教育。/ I expect that we'll succeed this time. 我想這次我們一定會(huì)成功。/ I hope everything goes well with your work. 祝你工作如意，事事順心。/ I don't want your child to be spoiled. 我不愿你的孩子被寵壞。/ I wish I had tried more things at college. 我以前讀大學(xué)時(shí)，若能多嘗試一些事情多好。/ How I wish I could buy a house like that. 啊，假如我能

買一棟那樣的房子該多好。

▲友情提示：expect表示“期待，期望，盼望”，有把握、有根據(jù)地認(rèn)為某事將要發(fā)生或期待某事的發(fā)生，著重相信或認(rèn)為有客觀可能。

[考例10](2004北京春招) I arrived late; I ____ the road to be so icy.

A. wouldn't expect　　　　 B. haven't expected

C. hadn't expected　　　　 D. wasn't expecting

[考查目標(biāo)]考查expect的時(shí)態(tài)所表示的含義。

[答案與解析]C　 I hadn't expected 表示“我當(dāng)時(shí)沒有意料到……”，與過去的事實(shí)情況相反。

11. dozen

dozen n. pl. (dozen，dozens) (作為實(shí)數(shù)及用作定語時(shí)，復(fù)數(shù)不加“s”) 一打，十二個(gè) (pl. dozens) 若干；幾十；許多 several dozen exercise-books 幾打練習(xí)本 / some dozen (of) people 約十二個(gè)人 / some dozens of people 幾十個(gè)人 / pack pencils in dozens 按打包裝鉛筆

習(xí)慣用語：by the dozen 按打計(jì)算 / I've bought a dozen eggs for dinner tonight. / The institute has dozens of telescopes through which we can observe the satellites tra- velling in space.

7. bargain

1) bargain n. 交易，合同交易；協(xié)議；廉價(jià)買到的東西A bargain's a bargain. / He made a bargain with his wife "You take care of the children and I'll cook." / This jacket is a real bargain at such a low price. / It's a real bargain.

2) bargain vi. (常與with，for連用) 講價(jià)；談條件 If you bargain with them they might reduce the price, she bargain- ed with the trader till he sold her the fruit cheaply.

[比較]

charge n. 費(fèi)用，價(jià)錢；v. 要價(jià)，收費(fèi) charge sb some money for (doing) sth. 因做某事向人索價(jià)

此外，charge還可作“看管，負(fù)責(zé)”解。

take charge (of sb. / sth.) 照管，管理

in charge (of sb. / sth.) 照管，管理

in the charge of sb. 在……的管理之下

Who is in charge here? = Who takes charge here?

This project is in the charge of Mr. Smith.

13. accompany vt.

1) 陪伴 She accompanied me to the doctor's. / The minister was accompanied by his secretary to the hospital.

2) 伴隨 Lightning usually accompanies thunder.

3) 伴奏 The well-known singer W&S accompanied at the electrical organ by his school teacher.